From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average tr...
Saved in:
| Published in | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Statistics in society Vol. 178; no. 3; pp. 757 - 778 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2015
John Wiley & Sons Ltd Oxford University Press |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0964-1998 1467-985X |
| DOI | 10.1111/rssa.12094 |
Cover
| Abstract | Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average treatment effects from RCTs. We provide placebo tests, which formally follow from the identifying assumptions and can assess whether they hold. We offer new research designs for estimating population effects that use non-randomized studies to adjust the RCT data. This approach is considered in a cost-effectiveness analysis of a clinical intervention: pulmonary artery catheterization. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average treatment effects from RCTs. We provide placebo tests, which formally follow from the identifying assumptions and can assess whether they hold. We offer new research designs for estimating population effects that use non-randomized studies to adjust the RCT data. This approach is considered in a cost-effectiveness analysis of a clinical intervention: pulmonary artery catheterization. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average treatment effects from RCTs. We provide placebo tests, which formally follow from the identifying assumptions and can assess whether they hold. We offer new research designs for estimating population effects that use non-randomized studies to adjust the RCT data. This approach is considered in a cost-effectiveness analysis of a clinical intervention: pulmonary artery catheterization. Summary Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average treatment effects from RCTs. We provide placebo tests, which formally follow from the identifying assumptions and can assess whether they hold. We offer new research designs for estimating population effects that use non‐randomized studies to adjust the RCT data. This approach is considered in a cost‐effectiveness analysis of a clinical intervention: pulmonary artery catheterization. |
| Author | Hartman, Erin Grieve, Richard Sekhon, Jasjeet S. Ramsahai, Roland |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Erin surname: Hartman fullname: Hartman, Erin organization: University of California at Berkeley, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Richard surname: Grieve fullname: Grieve, Richard email: Richard.Grieve@lshtm.ac.uk organization: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Roland surname: Ramsahai fullname: Ramsahai, Roland organization: University of Cambridge, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Jasjeet S. surname: Sekhon fullname: Sekhon, Jasjeet S. organization: University of California at Berkeley, USA |
| BookMark | eNp9kU1v1DAQhi1UJLYLF-5IlrggpJQ4dvzBrarYBakCqS2iN8ubTFovSRxspx9_jN-HsykVWgG-WJ553nk9M4fooHc9IPSS5EcknXc-BHNEilyxJ2hBGBeZkuXlAVrkirOMKCWfocMQtvl0hFignyvvOhxMN7SAzQ14cwU4ejCxgz5iaBqoIo4OD24YWxOt6_-NpVy8fohD_R5XrtvY3vZXGO4G8HZiTYtvbbzGbhPA3-wKplCIY20hTEYQou2S_k_HfafwHD1tTBvgxcO9RF9XHy5OPmanX9afTo5Ps6qkNDXMqrqUNVfpseENbSSpOaMbZripigKqnDHGqSzLgtSUl0QIyfKmgAKIkqamS_Rmrjt492NMX9OdDRW0renBjUETLmkulEoGS_R6D9260afmdlQhFROFTNTbmaq8C8FDo4c0F-PvNcn1tEI9rVDvVpjgfA-ubNxNJHpj279LyCy5tS3c_6e4Pjs_P_6teTVrtiE6_6hhVPFScJLy2Zy3IcLdY97475oLKkr97fNa8zO1ZuTyQq_oLwYfzjo |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1278 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssa_12357 crossref_primary_10_1177_2053168018822174 crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1511 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10654_019_00533_2 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_polisci_041719_102556 crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8659 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11127_019_00694_4 crossref_primary_10_1017_pan_2020_32 crossref_primary_10_1214_18_STS667 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11292_018_9344_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_12388 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2020_05_001 crossref_primary_10_1017_pan_2017_27 crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_9223 crossref_primary_10_1017_pan_2016_6 crossref_primary_10_1017_pan_2018_1 crossref_primary_10_1214_20_AOAS1359 crossref_primary_10_1287_mnsc_2019_3537 crossref_primary_10_1177_0163278718763499 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X17725740 crossref_primary_10_1515_jci_2022_0004 crossref_primary_10_1177_20531680231187271 crossref_primary_10_1002_hec_3612 crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_6965 crossref_primary_10_1093_jrsssc_qlad103 crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_13825 crossref_primary_10_1093_wber_lhz038 crossref_primary_10_1002_hec_4903 crossref_primary_10_1080_07350015_2019_1639407 crossref_primary_10_1097_QMH_0000000000000276 crossref_primary_10_1177_1355819616664495 crossref_primary_10_1214_23_STS889 crossref_primary_10_1002_pst_2354 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X16639900 crossref_primary_10_1086_691280 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_statistics_031017_100127 crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_5873 crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000001270 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssresearch_2022_102807 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssa_12629 crossref_primary_10_1080_10618600_2022_2141752 crossref_primary_10_1080_07350015_2020_1800479 crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_9031 crossref_primary_10_1080_10543406_2024_2333136 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_023_02056_7 crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000000665 crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000001633 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10742_014_0135_8 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssa_12734 crossref_primary_10_1515_jci_2022_0011 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssa_12136 crossref_primary_10_1177_1049731517720730 crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2024_2435656 crossref_primary_10_3390_su122310092 crossref_primary_10_1017_psrm_2023_46 crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2016_1240683 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4186399 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssc_12550 crossref_primary_10_1214_16_AOAS962 crossref_primary_10_1002_wics_1581 crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_13583 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1808083115 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0278842 crossref_primary_10_1002_ev_20212 crossref_primary_10_1515_jci_2021_0059 crossref_primary_10_1158_1055_9965_EPI_21_0585 crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_9286 crossref_primary_10_1002_pst_2106 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econedurev_2022_102279 crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2015_1123157 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X18798833 crossref_primary_10_1080_19466315_2024_2421748 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwv453 crossref_primary_10_1093_jrsssa_qnae043 crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_13609 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwad014 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X15585131 crossref_primary_10_1214_22_AOAS1712 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_soc_030420_015345 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1510502113 crossref_primary_10_1017_pan_2019_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fertnstert_2018_04_005 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40273_019_00771_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s40471_020_00239_0 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X17736780 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_022_01692_9 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjqs_2015_004278 crossref_primary_10_1177_09622802231210944 crossref_primary_10_1257_jel_20191597 crossref_primary_10_1515_jci_2021_0048 crossref_primary_10_3310_hsdr04160 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_medine_2021_04_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_medin_2021_04_010 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0003055422000880 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_statistics_042522_103837 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2012.01048.x 10.1023/A:1010933404324 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.03.003 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318174315d 10.1371/journal.pone.0056560 10.1093/aje/kwq084 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00527.x 10.2165/00148365-200504040-00008 10.1002/sim.789 10.2307/2999630 10.1186/cc2834 10.1002/hec.987 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2004.00349.x 10.3982/ECTA6474 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00547.x 10.1201/EBK1439808184 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x 10.2307/1912775 10.2202/1557-4679.1308 10.1002/0470856289 10.1214/aos/1176325770 10.3386/w14896 10.1002/hec.1748 10.1214/09-AOAS285 10.1162/rest.88.3.389 10.1093/biomet/55.1.179 10.1001/jama.1996.03540110043030 10.1378/chest.128.4.2722 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00594.x 10.1136/bmj.39017.459907.BE 10.1002/hec.1008 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2012.01032.x 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818ef366 10.1001/jama.286.3.348 10.1002/hec.843 10.1001/jama.290.12.1624 10.1097/01.CCM.0000119423.38610.65 10.1162/REST_a_00318 10.1002/sim.3218 10.1002/sim.1347 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.04.009 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2010.00673.x 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135444 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4 10.1103/PhysRev.106.620 10.1002/hec.678 10.1111/1475-6773.00114 10.1162/003465399557860 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2015 The Royal Statistical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2015 The Authors Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Jun 2015 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2015 The Royal Statistical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. – notice: 2015 The Authors Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society. – notice: Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Jun 2015 |
| DBID | BSCLL 24P AAYXX CITATION 7SC 8BJ 8FD FQK JBE JQ2 L7M L~C L~D |
| DOI | 10.1111/rssa.12094 |
| DatabaseName | Istex Wiley Online Library : Open Access journals [open access] CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) Technology Research Database International Bibliography of the Social Sciences International Bibliography of the Social Sciences ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
| DatabaseTitleList | International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) CrossRef International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: 24P name: Wiley Open Access Journals url: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-science/open-access/browse-journals.html sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Statistics Mathematics |
| EISSN | 1467-985X |
| EndPage | 778 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 3694211431 10_1111_rssa_12094 RSSA12094 43965761 ark_67375_WNG_6R9G41XT_F |
| Genre | article Feature |
| GroupedDBID | -~X .3N .GA .Y3 05W 07C 10A 1OC 1OL 29L 2AX 3-9 31~ 33P 3SF 4.4 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52S 52T 52U 52W 52X 5GY 5HH 5LA 66C 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8UM 8VB 930 A03 AAESR AAEVG AANHP AAONW AARHZ AASGY AAUAY AAWIL AAXRX AAZKR ABAWQ ABBHK ABCQN ABCUV ABDFA ABEML ABFAN ABIVO ABPFR ABPQH ABPTD ABWST ABXSQ ABYWD ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCZN ACFRR ACGFS ACHJO ACIWK ACMTB ACNCT ACPOU ACRPL ACSCC ACTMH ACUBG ACXBN ACXQS ACYXJ ADBBV ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADNMO ADODI ADOZA ADQBN ADRDM ADULT ADVEK ADZMN AEGXH AEIMD AEMOZ AEUPB AFBPY AFEBI AFGKR AFVYC AFXHP AFZJQ AGLNM AGQPQ AHQJS AIHAF AIURR AJAOE AJNCP AJXKR AKVCP ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALRMG ALUQN AMBMR AMVHM AMYDB ANFBD ASPBG AS~ ATGXG ATUGU AUFTA AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BCRHZ BDRZF BHBCM BMNLL BMXJE BNHUX BROTX BRXPI BSCLL BY8 CAG CJ0 CO8 COF CS3 D-E DCZOG DPXWK DQDLB DR2 DRFUL DRSTM DSRWC EBA EBO EBR EBS EBU ECEWR EJD EMK EOH F00 F5P FEDTE FVMVE G-S G.N GODZA H.T H.X H13 HF~ HGD HQ6 HVGLF HZI HZ~ H~9 IHE IPSME IX1 J0M JAAYA JAS JBMMH JBZCM JENOY JHFFW JKQEH JLEZI JLXEF JMS JPL JST K1G K48 LATKE LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES MK4 MRFUL MRSTM MSFUL MSSTM MVM MXFUL MXSTM N04 N05 NF~ NU- O66 O9- OIG P2W P2X P4D PQQKQ Q.N Q11 QB0 QWB R.K RJQFR RNS ROL ROX RX1 SA0 SUPJJ TH9 TN5 UB1 VUG W8V W99 WBKPD WIH WIK WOHZO WQJ WYISQ XBAML XG1 YF5 YQT ZGI ZL0 ZZTAW ~IA ~WT 1OB 24P AAHHS ABYAD ACCFJ ACTWD AEEZP AELPN AEQDE AEUQT AFPWT AIWBW AJBDE JSODD AAYXX CITATION 7SC 8BJ 8FD FQK JBE JQ2 L7M L~C L~D |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c5334-14cd58d69334b6f3f81d643b4a6ac22ec04446385521d365177840f2e2e198ad3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DR2 |
| ISSN | 0964-1998 |
| IngestDate | Sun Sep 28 06:51:33 EDT 2025 Fri Sep 12 01:41:04 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 00:50:55 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:01:21 EDT 2025 Wed Jan 22 16:16:00 EST 2025 Thu Jul 03 22:43:47 EDT 2025 Sun Sep 21 06:18:07 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Language | English |
| License | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c5334-14cd58d69334b6f3f81d643b4a6ac22ec04446385521d365177840f2e2e198ad3 |
| Notes | ark:/67375/WNG-6R9G41XT-F istex:FF59172529AF43691280ED2F2AAA2623AF318583 'Additional appendices for "From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects"'. ArticleID:RSSA12094 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Frssa.12094 |
| PQID | 1682894728 |
| PQPubID | 105636 |
| PageCount | 22 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1683079993 proquest_journals_1682894728 crossref_primary_10_1111_rssa_12094 crossref_citationtrail_10_1111_rssa_12094 wiley_primary_10_1111_rssa_12094_RSSA12094 jstor_primary_43965761 istex_primary_ark_67375_WNG_6R9G41XT_F |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | June 2015 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2015-06-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 06 year: 2015 text: June 2015 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Oxford |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Oxford |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Statistics in society |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | J. R. Stat. Soc. A |
| PublicationYear | 2015 |
| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd John Wiley & Sons Ltd Oxford University Press |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd – name: John Wiley & Sons Ltd – name: Oxford University Press |
| References | Bickel, P. J. and Sakov, A. (2008) On the choice of m in the m out of n bootstrap and confidence bounds for extrema. Statist. Sin., 18, 967-985. Benjamini, Y. and Hochberg, Y. (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 57, 289-300. Cole, S. R. and Frangakis, C. E. (2009) The consistency statement in causal inference: a definition or an assumption? Epidemiology, 20, 3-5. Willan, A. R., Briggs, A. H. and Hoch, J. S. (2004) Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non-censored cost-effectiveness data. Hlth Econ., 13, 461-475. Finfer, S. and Delaney, A. (2006) Pulmonary artery catheters as currently used, do not benefit patients. Br. Med. J., 333, 930-931. Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., Smith, J. and Todd, P. (1998) Characterizing selection bias using experimental data. Econometrica, 66, 1017-1098. Kullback, S. (1997) Information Theory and Statistics. New York: Wiley. Heckman, J. J., Urzua, S. and Vytlacil, E. (2006) Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity. Rev. Econ. Statist., 88, 389-432. Kish, L. (1992) Weighting for unequal Pi. J. Off. Statist., 8, 183-200. Chittock, D. R., Dhingra, V. K., Ronco, J. J., Russell, J. A., Forrest, D. M., Tweeddale, M. and Fenwick, J. C. (2004) Severity of illness and risk of death associated with pulmonary artery catheter use. Crit. Care Med., 32, 911-915. Harrison, D. A., Brady, A. R. and Rowan, K. (2004) Case mix, outcome and length of stay for admissions to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre case mix programme database. Crit. Care, 8, 99-111. Rothwell, P. M. (2005) External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply? Lancet, 365, 82-93. Gheorghe, A., Roberts, T. E., Ives, J. C., Fletcher, B. R. and Calvert, M. (2013) Centre selection for clinical trials and the generalisability of results: a mixed methods study. PLOS ONE, 8, no. 2, article e56560. Willan, A. R. and Briggs, A. H. (2006) Statistical Analysis of Cost-effectiveness Data. Hoboken: Wiley. Jaynes, E. T. (1957) Information theory and statistical mechanics. Phys. Rev., 106, 620-630. Hotz, V. J., Imbens, G. and Mortimer, J. H. (2005) Predicting the efficacy of future training programs using past experiences at other locations. J. Econmetr., 125, 241-270. Turner, R. M., Spiegelhalter, D. J., Smith, G. and Thompson, S. G. (2009) Bias modelling in evidence synthesis. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 172, 21-47. Politis, D. N. and Romano, J. P. (1994) Large sample confidence regions based on subsamples under minimal assumptions. Ann. Statist., 22, 2031-2050. Connors, A. F., Speroff, T. S., Dawson, N. V., Thomas, C., Harrell, F. E., Wagner, D., Desbiens, N., Goldman, L., Wu, A. W., Califf, R. M., Fulkerson, W. J., Vidaillet, H., Broste, S., Bellamy, P., Lynn, J. and Knaus, W. A. (1996) The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. J. Am. Med. Ass., 276, 889-897. Diamond, A. and Sekhon, J. S. (2013) Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: a general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies. Rev. Econ. Statist., 95, 932-945. Hoch, J. S., Briggs, A. H. and Willan, A. R. (2002) Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of econometrics and cost-effectiveness analysis. Hlth Econ., 11, 415-430. Harvey, S., Harrison, D. A., Singer, M., Ashcroft, J., Jones, C. M., Elbourne, D., Brampton, W., Williams, D., Young, D. and Rowan, K. (2005) An assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in patient management in intensive care (pac-man): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 366, 472-477. Harvey, S., Welch, C., Harrison, D. and Singer, M. (2008) Post hoc insights from pac-man-the UK pulmonary artery catheter trial. Crit. Care, 35, 1714-1721. Imai, K., Tingley, D. and Yamamoto, T. (2013) Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 176, 5-51. Greenland, S. (2005) Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 168, 267-306. Willan, A. R. and Lin, D. Y. (2001) Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials. Statist. Med., 20, 1563-1574. Ireland, C. T. and Kullback, S. (1968) Contingency tables with given marginals. Biometrika, 55, 179-188. National Research Council (2013) Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis. Washington DC: National Academies Press. Porter, K. E., Gruber, S., van der Laan, M. J. and Sekhon, J. S. (2011) The relative performance of targeted maximum likelihood estimators. Int. J. Biostatist., 7, no. 1. Mojtabai, R. and Zivin, J. G. (2003) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of four treatment modalities for substance disorders: a propensity score analysis. Hlth Serv. Res., 38, 233-259. Liaw, A. and Wiener, M. (2002) Classification and regression by randomforest. R News, 2, 18-22. Dalen, J. E. (2001) The pulmonary artery catheter-friend, foe, or accomplice? J. Am. Med. Ass., 286, 348-350. Abadie, A. and Imbens, G. W. (2008) On the failure of the bootstrap for matching estimators. Econometrica, 76, 1537-1557. Sekhon, J. S. (2009) Opiates for the matches: matching methods for causal inference. A. Rev. Politi. Sci., 12, 487-508. Sekhon, J. S. and Grieve, R. (2012) A nonparametric matching method for covariate adjustment with application to economic evaluation (genetic matching). Hlth Econ., 21, 695-714. Willan, A. R., Chen, E. B., Cook, R. J. and Lin, D. Y. (2003) Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials with quality-adjusted survival. Statist. Med., 22, 353-362. Sakr, Y., Vincent, J.-L., Reinhart, K., Payen, D., Wiedermann, C. J., Zandstra, D. F. and Sprung, C. L. (2005) Sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients investigators: use of the pulmonary artery catheter is not associated with worse outcome in the ICU. Chest, 128, 2722-2731. Greenhouse, J. B., Kaizar, E. E., Kelleher, K., Seltman, H. and Gardner, W. (2008) Generalizing from clinical trial data: a case study, the risk of suicidality among pediatric antidepressant users. Statist. Med., 27, 1801-1813. Kang, J. D. Y. and Schafer, J. L. (2007) Demystifying double robustness: a comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data (with discussion). Statist. Sci., 22, 523-539. Nixon, R. M. and Thompson, S. G. (2005) Incorporating covariate adjustment, subgroup analysis and between-centre differences into cost-effectiveness evaluations. Hlth Econ., 14, 1217-1229. Cole, S. R. and Stuart, E. A. (2010) Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations the actg 320 trial. Am. J. Epidem., 172, 107-115. Miratrix, L. W., Sekhon, J. S. and Yu, B. (2013) Adjusting treatment effect estimates by post-stratification in randomized experiments. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 75, 369-396. Stuart, E. A., Cole, S. R., Bradshaw, C. P. and Leaf, P. J. (2011) The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 174, 369-386. Tunis, S. R., Stryer, D. B. and Clancy, C. M. (2003) Practical clinical trials. J. Am. Med. Ass., 290, 1624-1632. Sekhon, J. S. (2011) Matching: multivariate and propensity score matching with automated balance search. J. Statist. Softwr., 42, 1-52. Stevens, K., McCabe, C., Jones, C., Ashcroft, J., Harvey, S. and Rowan, K. On behalf of the PAC-Man Study Collaboration (2005) The incremental cost effectiveness of withdrawing pulmonary artery catheters from routine use in critical care. Appl. Hlth Econ. Hlth Poly, 4, 257-264. Imai, K., King, G. and Stuart, E. A. (2008) Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 171, 481-502. Breiman, L. (2001) Random forests. Mach. Learn., 45, 5-32. Hansen, L. P. (1982) Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. Hellerstein, J. K. and Imbens, G. W. (1999) Imposing moment restrictions from auxiliary data by weighting. Rev. Econ. Statist., 81, 1-14. Heckman, J. J. and Vytlacil, E. (2005) Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation. Econometrica, 73, 669-738. Chipman, H. A., George, E. I. and McCulloch, R. E. (2010) Bart: Bayesian additive regression trees. Ann. Appl. Statist., 4, 266-298. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D. and Campbell, D. T. (2002) Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Allcott, H. (2011) Social norms and energy conservation. J. Publ. Econ., 95, 1082-1095. Mitra, N. and Indurkhya, A. (2005) A propensity score approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data. Hlth. Econ., 14, 805-815. Wellek, S. (2010) Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence and Noninferiority. Boca Roton: CRC Press. 1957; 106 1982; 50 2004; 8 2002; 11 1994; 22 2008; 35 2008; 76 2001; 45 2013; 8 1999; 81 2006; 333 2004; 32 2009; 12 1992; 8 2013; 95 2008; 27 2005; 73 2007; 22 2010; 4 2012; 21 1968; 55 2001; 286 2009; 20 2012 2011 2010 1995; 57 2008; 18 2009 1997 2002; 2 2003; 38 2006 2003; 290 2009; 172 2002 2011; 174 1998; 66 2011; 7 2001; 20 2005; 365 2005; 168 2005; 366 2006; 88 2005; 125 2011; 95 2013; 75 2005; 128 2004; 13 2011; 42 2005; 4 2010; 172 1996; 276 2014 2013; 176 2013 2003; 22 2008; 171 2005; 14 Harrison (2023022705375448500_) 2004; 8 National Research Council (2023022705375448500_) 2013 Greenland (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 168 Mojtabai (2023022705375448500_) 2003; 38 Stuart (2023022705375448500_) 2011; 174 Harvey (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 366 Liaw (2023022705375448500_) 2002; 2 Sekhon (2023022705375448500_) 2009; 12 Chipman (2023022705375448500_) 2010; 4 Dalen (2023022705375448500_) 2001; 286 Benjamini (2023022705375448500_) 1995; 57 Porter (2023022705375448500_) 2011; 7 Jaynes (2023022705375448500_) 1957; 106 Hoch (2023022705375448500_) 2002; 11 Imbens (2023022705375448500_) 2009 Cole (2023022705375448500_) 2010; 172 Willan (2023022705375448500_) 2001; 20 Rothwell (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 365 Tunis (2023022705375448500_) 2003; 290 Connors (2023022705375448500_) 1996; 276 Shadish (2023022705375448500_) 2002 Miratrix (2023022705375448500_) 2013; 75 Gheorghe (2023022705375448500_) 2013; 8 Imai (2023022705375448500_) 2008; 171 Breiman (2023022705375448500_) 2001; 45 Deaton (2023022705375448500_) 2009 Sekhon (2023022705375448500_) 2012; 21 Abadie (2023022705375448500_) 2008; 76 Heckman (2023022705375448500_) 2006; 88 Willan (2023022705375448500_) 2006 Allcott (2023022705375448500_) 2012 Turner (2023022705375448500_) 2009; 172 Allcott (2023022705375448500_) 2014 Allcott (2023022705375448500_) 2011; 95 Imai (2023022705375448500_) 2013; 176 Heckman (2023022705375448500_) 2009 Kish (2023022705375448500_) 1992; 8 Chittock (2023022705375448500_) 2004; 32 Hotz (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 125 Greenhouse (2023022705375448500_) 2008; 27 Nixon (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 14 Stevens (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 4 Heckman (2023022705375448500_) 1998; 66 Kang (2023022705375448500_) 2007; 22 Kline (2023022705375448500_) 2011 Ireland (2023022705375448500_) 1968; 55 Sakr (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 128 Finfer (2023022705375448500_) 2006; 333 Hartman (2023022705375448500_) 2011 Kullback (2023022705375448500_) 1997 Sekhon (2023022705375448500_) 2011; 42 Diamond (2023022705375448500_) 2013; 95 Willan (2023022705375448500_) 2004; 13 Wellek (2023022705375448500_) 2010 Bickel (2023022705375448500_) 2008; 18 Harvey (2023022705375448500_) 2008; 35 Hansen (2023022705375448500_) 1982; 50 Mitra (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 14 Willan (2023022705375448500_) 2003; 22 Hellerstein (2023022705375448500_) 1999; 81 Cole (2023022705375448500_) 2009; 20 Politis (2023022705375448500_) 1994; 22 Heckman (2023022705375448500_) 2005; 73 |
| References_xml | – reference: Willan, A. R. and Briggs, A. H. (2006) Statistical Analysis of Cost-effectiveness Data. Hoboken: Wiley. – reference: Imai, K., King, G. and Stuart, E. A. (2008) Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 171, 481-502. – reference: Stevens, K., McCabe, C., Jones, C., Ashcroft, J., Harvey, S. and Rowan, K. On behalf of the PAC-Man Study Collaboration (2005) The incremental cost effectiveness of withdrawing pulmonary artery catheters from routine use in critical care. Appl. Hlth Econ. Hlth Poly, 4, 257-264. – reference: Benjamini, Y. and Hochberg, Y. (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 57, 289-300. – reference: Greenhouse, J. B., Kaizar, E. E., Kelleher, K., Seltman, H. and Gardner, W. (2008) Generalizing from clinical trial data: a case study, the risk of suicidality among pediatric antidepressant users. Statist. Med., 27, 1801-1813. – reference: Rothwell, P. M. (2005) External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply? Lancet, 365, 82-93. – reference: Heckman, J. J., Urzua, S. and Vytlacil, E. (2006) Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity. Rev. Econ. Statist., 88, 389-432. – reference: Willan, A. R., Chen, E. B., Cook, R. J. and Lin, D. Y. (2003) Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials with quality-adjusted survival. Statist. Med., 22, 353-362. – reference: Allcott, H. (2011) Social norms and energy conservation. J. Publ. Econ., 95, 1082-1095. – reference: Sakr, Y., Vincent, J.-L., Reinhart, K., Payen, D., Wiedermann, C. J., Zandstra, D. F. and Sprung, C. L. (2005) Sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients investigators: use of the pulmonary artery catheter is not associated with worse outcome in the ICU. Chest, 128, 2722-2731. – reference: Sekhon, J. S. and Grieve, R. (2012) A nonparametric matching method for covariate adjustment with application to economic evaluation (genetic matching). Hlth Econ., 21, 695-714. – reference: Hansen, L. P. (1982) Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. – reference: Heckman, J. J. and Vytlacil, E. (2005) Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation. Econometrica, 73, 669-738. – reference: Jaynes, E. T. (1957) Information theory and statistical mechanics. Phys. Rev., 106, 620-630. – reference: Stuart, E. A., Cole, S. R., Bradshaw, C. P. and Leaf, P. J. (2011) The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 174, 369-386. – reference: Greenland, S. (2005) Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 168, 267-306. – reference: Chipman, H. A., George, E. I. and McCulloch, R. E. (2010) Bart: Bayesian additive regression trees. Ann. Appl. Statist., 4, 266-298. – reference: Wellek, S. (2010) Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence and Noninferiority. Boca Roton: CRC Press. – reference: Chittock, D. R., Dhingra, V. K., Ronco, J. J., Russell, J. A., Forrest, D. M., Tweeddale, M. and Fenwick, J. C. (2004) Severity of illness and risk of death associated with pulmonary artery catheter use. Crit. Care Med., 32, 911-915. – reference: Breiman, L. (2001) Random forests. Mach. Learn., 45, 5-32. – reference: Harvey, S., Welch, C., Harrison, D. and Singer, M. (2008) Post hoc insights from pac-man-the UK pulmonary artery catheter trial. Crit. Care, 35, 1714-1721. – reference: Porter, K. E., Gruber, S., van der Laan, M. J. and Sekhon, J. S. (2011) The relative performance of targeted maximum likelihood estimators. Int. J. Biostatist., 7, no. 1. – reference: Tunis, S. R., Stryer, D. B. and Clancy, C. M. (2003) Practical clinical trials. J. Am. Med. Ass., 290, 1624-1632. – reference: Diamond, A. and Sekhon, J. S. (2013) Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: a general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies. Rev. Econ. Statist., 95, 932-945. – reference: Ireland, C. T. and Kullback, S. (1968) Contingency tables with given marginals. Biometrika, 55, 179-188. – reference: Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., Smith, J. and Todd, P. (1998) Characterizing selection bias using experimental data. Econometrica, 66, 1017-1098. – reference: Imai, K., Tingley, D. and Yamamoto, T. (2013) Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 176, 5-51. – reference: Abadie, A. and Imbens, G. W. (2008) On the failure of the bootstrap for matching estimators. Econometrica, 76, 1537-1557. – reference: Bickel, P. J. and Sakov, A. (2008) On the choice of m in the m out of n bootstrap and confidence bounds for extrema. Statist. Sin., 18, 967-985. – reference: Harvey, S., Harrison, D. A., Singer, M., Ashcroft, J., Jones, C. M., Elbourne, D., Brampton, W., Williams, D., Young, D. and Rowan, K. (2005) An assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in patient management in intensive care (pac-man): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 366, 472-477. – reference: Mitra, N. and Indurkhya, A. (2005) A propensity score approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data. Hlth. Econ., 14, 805-815. – reference: Miratrix, L. W., Sekhon, J. S. and Yu, B. (2013) Adjusting treatment effect estimates by post-stratification in randomized experiments. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 75, 369-396. – reference: Gheorghe, A., Roberts, T. E., Ives, J. C., Fletcher, B. R. and Calvert, M. (2013) Centre selection for clinical trials and the generalisability of results: a mixed methods study. PLOS ONE, 8, no. 2, article e56560. – reference: Sekhon, J. S. (2011) Matching: multivariate and propensity score matching with automated balance search. J. Statist. Softwr., 42, 1-52. – reference: Connors, A. F., Speroff, T. S., Dawson, N. V., Thomas, C., Harrell, F. E., Wagner, D., Desbiens, N., Goldman, L., Wu, A. W., Califf, R. M., Fulkerson, W. J., Vidaillet, H., Broste, S., Bellamy, P., Lynn, J. and Knaus, W. A. (1996) The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. J. Am. Med. Ass., 276, 889-897. – reference: Willan, A. R. and Lin, D. Y. (2001) Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials. Statist. Med., 20, 1563-1574. – reference: Hellerstein, J. K. and Imbens, G. W. (1999) Imposing moment restrictions from auxiliary data by weighting. Rev. Econ. Statist., 81, 1-14. – reference: Finfer, S. and Delaney, A. (2006) Pulmonary artery catheters as currently used, do not benefit patients. Br. Med. J., 333, 930-931. – reference: Politis, D. N. and Romano, J. P. (1994) Large sample confidence regions based on subsamples under minimal assumptions. Ann. Statist., 22, 2031-2050. – reference: National Research Council (2013) Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis. Washington DC: National Academies Press. – reference: Kullback, S. (1997) Information Theory and Statistics. New York: Wiley. – reference: Mojtabai, R. and Zivin, J. G. (2003) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of four treatment modalities for substance disorders: a propensity score analysis. Hlth Serv. Res., 38, 233-259. – reference: Hoch, J. S., Briggs, A. H. and Willan, A. R. (2002) Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of econometrics and cost-effectiveness analysis. Hlth Econ., 11, 415-430. – reference: Willan, A. R., Briggs, A. H. and Hoch, J. S. (2004) Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non-censored cost-effectiveness data. Hlth Econ., 13, 461-475. – reference: Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D. and Campbell, D. T. (2002) Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. – reference: Sekhon, J. S. (2009) Opiates for the matches: matching methods for causal inference. A. Rev. Politi. Sci., 12, 487-508. – reference: Dalen, J. E. (2001) The pulmonary artery catheter-friend, foe, or accomplice? J. Am. Med. Ass., 286, 348-350. – reference: Cole, S. R. and Stuart, E. A. (2010) Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations the actg 320 trial. Am. J. Epidem., 172, 107-115. – reference: Turner, R. M., Spiegelhalter, D. J., Smith, G. and Thompson, S. G. (2009) Bias modelling in evidence synthesis. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 172, 21-47. – reference: Kang, J. D. Y. and Schafer, J. L. (2007) Demystifying double robustness: a comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data (with discussion). Statist. Sci., 22, 523-539. – reference: Hotz, V. J., Imbens, G. and Mortimer, J. H. (2005) Predicting the efficacy of future training programs using past experiences at other locations. J. Econmetr., 125, 241-270. – reference: Nixon, R. M. and Thompson, S. G. (2005) Incorporating covariate adjustment, subgroup analysis and between-centre differences into cost-effectiveness evaluations. Hlth Econ., 14, 1217-1229. – reference: Harrison, D. A., Brady, A. R. and Rowan, K. (2004) Case mix, outcome and length of stay for admissions to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre case mix programme database. Crit. Care, 8, 99-111. – reference: Liaw, A. and Wiener, M. (2002) Classification and regression by randomforest. R News, 2, 18-22. – reference: Cole, S. R. and Frangakis, C. E. (2009) The consistency statement in causal inference: a definition or an assumption? Epidemiology, 20, 3-5. – reference: Kish, L. (1992) Weighting for unequal Pi. J. Off. Statist., 8, 183-200. – year: 2011 – volume: 35 start-page: 1714 year: 2008 end-page: 1721 article-title: Post hoc insights from pac‐man—the UK pulmonary artery catheter trial publication-title: Crit. Care – year: 2009 – volume: 50 start-page: 1029 year: 1982 end-page: 1054 article-title: Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 7 year: 2011 article-title: The relative performance of targeted maximum likelihood estimators publication-title: Int. J. Biostatist. – volume: 172 start-page: 107 year: 2010 end-page: 115 article-title: Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations the actg 320 trial publication-title: Am. J. Epidem. – volume: 81 start-page: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 14 article-title: Imposing moment restrictions from auxiliary data by weighting publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. – volume: 106 start-page: 620 year: 1957 end-page: 630 article-title: Information theory and statistical mechanics publication-title: Phys. Rev. – volume: 22 start-page: 523 year: 2007 end-page: 539 article-title: Demystifying double robustness: a comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data (with discussion) publication-title: Statist. Sci. – volume: 22 start-page: 353 year: 2003 end-page: 362 article-title: Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials with quality‐adjusted survival publication-title: Statist. Med. – volume: 8 start-page: 183 year: 1992 end-page: 200 article-title: Weighting for unequal publication-title: J. Off. Statist. – year: 2014 – volume: 366 start-page: 472 year: 2005 end-page: 477 article-title: An assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in patient management in intensive care (pac‐man): a randomized controlled trial publication-title: Lancet – volume: 168 start-page: 267 year: 2005 end-page: 306 article-title: Multiple‐bias modelling for analysis of observational data (with discussion) publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A – volume: 27 start-page: 1801 year: 2008 end-page: 1813 article-title: Generalizing from clinical trial data: a case study, the risk of suicidality among pediatric antidepressant users publication-title: Statist. Med. – volume: 276 start-page: 889 year: 1996 end-page: 897 article-title: The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. – volume: 4 start-page: 266 year: 2010 end-page: 298 article-title: Bart: Bayesian additive regression trees publication-title: Ann. Appl. Statist. – volume: 365 start-page: 82 year: 2005 end-page: 93 article-title: External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply? publication-title: Lancet – volume: 21 start-page: 695 year: 2012 end-page: 714 article-title: A nonparametric matching method for covariate adjustment with application to economic evaluation (genetic matching) publication-title: Hlth Econ. – volume: 95 start-page: 1082 year: 2011 end-page: 1095 article-title: Social norms and energy conservation publication-title: J. Publ. Econ. – year: 1997 – volume: 14 start-page: 805 year: 2005 end-page: 815 article-title: A propensity score approach to estimating the cost‐effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data publication-title: Hlth. Econ. – volume: 42 start-page: 1 year: 2011 end-page: 52 article-title: Matching: multivariate and propensity score matching with automated balance search publication-title: J. Statist. Softwr. – volume: 18 start-page: 967 year: 2008 end-page: 985 article-title: On the choice of m in the m out of n bootstrap and confidence bounds for extrema publication-title: Statist. Sin. – volume: 57 start-page: 289 year: 1995 end-page: 300 article-title: Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. B – volume: 95 start-page: 932 year: 2013 end-page: 945 article-title: Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: a general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. – volume: 76 start-page: 1537 year: 2008 end-page: 1557 article-title: On the failure of the bootstrap for matching estimators publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 290 start-page: 1624 year: 2003 end-page: 1632 article-title: Practical clinical trials publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. – volume: 66 start-page: 1017 year: 1998 end-page: 1098 article-title: Characterizing selection bias using experimental data publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 174 start-page: 369 year: 2011 end-page: 386 article-title: The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A – volume: 128 start-page: 2722 year: 2005 end-page: 2731 article-title: Sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients investigators: use of the pulmonary artery catheter is not associated with worse outcome in the ICU publication-title: Chest – volume: 14 start-page: 1217 year: 2005 end-page: 1229 article-title: Incorporating covariate adjustment, subgroup analysis and between‐centre differences into cost‐effectiveness evaluations publication-title: Hlth Econ. – volume: 22 start-page: 2031 year: 1994 end-page: 2050 article-title: Large sample confidence regions based on subsamples under minimal assumptions publication-title: Ann. Statist. – volume: 171 start-page: 481 year: 2008 end-page: 502 article-title: Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A – volume: 75 start-page: 369 year: 2013 end-page: 396 article-title: Adjusting treatment effect estimates by post‐stratification in randomized experiments publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. B – volume: 8 start-page: 99 year: 2004 end-page: 111 article-title: Case mix, outcome and length of stay for admissions to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre case mix programme database publication-title: Crit. Care – volume: 125 start-page: 241 year: 2005 end-page: 270 article-title: Predicting the efficacy of future training programs using past experiences at other locations publication-title: J. Econmetr. – volume: 55 start-page: 179 year: 1968 end-page: 188 article-title: Contingency tables with given marginals publication-title: Biometrika – volume: 172 start-page: 21 year: 2009 end-page: 47 article-title: Bias modelling in evidence synthesis publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A – volume: 20 start-page: 3 year: 2009 end-page: 5 article-title: The consistency statement in causal inference: a definition or an assumption? publication-title: Epidemiology – year: 2010 – year: 2012 – volume: 20 start-page: 1563 year: 2001 end-page: 1574 article-title: Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials publication-title: Statist. Med. – volume: 13 start-page: 461 year: 2004 end-page: 475 article-title: Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non‐censored cost‐effectiveness data publication-title: Hlth Econ. – volume: 45 start-page: 5 year: 2001 end-page: 32 article-title: Random forests publication-title: Mach. Learn. – volume: 286 start-page: 348 year: 2001 end-page: 350 article-title: The pulmonary artery catheter—friend, foe, or accomplice? publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. – year: 2002 – year: 2006 – volume: 73 start-page: 669 year: 2005 end-page: 738 article-title: Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation publication-title: Econometrica – volume: 12 start-page: 487 year: 2009 end-page: 508 article-title: Opiates for the matches: matching methods for causal inference publication-title: A. Rev. Politi. Sci. – volume: 8 year: 2013 article-title: Centre selection for clinical trials and the generalisability of results: a mixed methods study publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 38 start-page: 233 year: 2003 end-page: 259 article-title: Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of four treatment modalities for substance disorders: a propensity score analysis publication-title: Hlth Serv. Res. – volume: 2 start-page: 18 year: 2002 end-page: 22 article-title: Classification and regression by randomforest publication-title: R News – volume: 4 start-page: 257 year: 2005 end-page: 264 article-title: The incremental cost effectiveness of withdrawing pulmonary artery catheters from routine use in critical care publication-title: Appl. Hlth Econ. Hlth Poly – volume: 333 start-page: 930 year: 2006 end-page: 931 article-title: Pulmonary artery catheters as currently used, do not benefit patients publication-title: Br. Med. J. – volume: 11 start-page: 415 year: 2002 end-page: 430 article-title: Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of econometrics and cost‐effectiveness analysis publication-title: Hlth Econ. – volume: 88 start-page: 389 year: 2006 end-page: 432 article-title: Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. – volume: 176 start-page: 5 year: 2013 end-page: 51 article-title: Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms (with discussion) publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A – volume: 32 start-page: 911 year: 2004 end-page: 915 article-title: Severity of illness and risk of death associated with pulmonary artery catheter use publication-title: Crit. Care Med. – year: 2013 – volume: 365 start-page: 82 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply? publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8 – volume: 75 start-page: 369 year: 2013 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Adjusting treatment effect estimates by post-stratification in randomized experiments publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. B doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2012.01048.x – volume: 45 start-page: 5 year: 2001 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Random forests publication-title: Mach. Learn. doi: 10.1023/A:1010933404324 – volume: 95 start-page: 1082 year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Social norms and energy conservation publication-title: J. Publ. Econ. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.03.003 – volume: 35 start-page: 1714 year: 2008 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Post hoc insights from pac-man—the UK pulmonary artery catheter trial publication-title: Crit. Care doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318174315d – volume: 8 year: 2013 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Centre selection for clinical trials and the generalisability of results: a mixed methods study publication-title: PLOS ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056560 – volume: 42 start-page: 1 year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Matching: multivariate and propensity score matching with automated balance search publication-title: J. Statist. Softwr. – volume-title: Instruments of development: randomization in the tropics, and the search for the elusive keys to economic development year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 2 start-page: 18 year: 2002 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Classification and regression by randomforest publication-title: R News – volume: 172 start-page: 107 year: 2010 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations the actg 320 trial publication-title: Am. J. Epidem. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq084 – volume: 171 start-page: 481 year: 2008 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00527.x – volume: 4 start-page: 257 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The incremental cost effectiveness of withdrawing pulmonary artery catheters from routine use in critical care publication-title: Appl. Hlth Econ. Hlth Poly doi: 10.2165/00148365-200504040-00008 – volume: 20 start-page: 1563 year: 2001 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials publication-title: Statist. Med. doi: 10.1002/sim.789 – volume: 66 start-page: 1017 year: 1998 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Characterizing selection bias using experimental data publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.2307/2999630 – volume: 8 start-page: 99 year: 2004 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Case mix, outcome and length of stay for admissions to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre case mix programme database publication-title: Crit. Care doi: 10.1186/cc2834 – volume: 14 start-page: 805 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: A propensity score approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data publication-title: Hlth. Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.987 – volume: 168 start-page: 267 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data (with discussion) publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2004.00349.x – volume: 18 start-page: 967 year: 2008 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: On the choice of m in the m out of n bootstrap and confidence bounds for extrema publication-title: Statist. Sin. – volume: 76 start-page: 1537 year: 2008 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: On the failure of the bootstrap for matching estimators publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.3982/ECTA6474 – volume: 172 start-page: 21 year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Bias modelling in evidence synthesis publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00547.x – volume-title: Site selection bias in program evaluation year: 2014 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume-title: Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence and Noninferiority year: 2010 ident: 2023022705375448500_ doi: 10.1201/EBK1439808184 – volume: 57 start-page: 289 year: 1995 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. B doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x – volume: 50 start-page: 1029 year: 1982 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.2307/1912775 – volume: 22 start-page: 523 year: 2007 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Demystifying double robustness: a comparison of alternative strategies for estimating a population mean from incomplete data (with discussion) publication-title: Statist. Sci. – volume: 7 year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The relative performance of targeted maximum likelihood estimators publication-title: Int. J. Biostatist. doi: 10.2202/1557-4679.1308 – volume-title: Statistical Analysis of Cost-effectiveness Data year: 2006 ident: 2023022705375448500_ doi: 10.1002/0470856289 – volume: 22 start-page: 2031 year: 1994 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Large sample confidence regions based on subsamples under minimal assumptions publication-title: Ann. Statist. doi: 10.1214/aos/1176325770 – volume-title: Better late than nothing: Some comments on Deaton (2009) and Heckman and Urzua (2009) year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ doi: 10.3386/w14896 – volume-title: Information Theory and Statistics year: 1997 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume-title: Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis year: 2013 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 21 start-page: 695 year: 2012 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: A nonparametric matching method for covariate adjustment with application to economic evaluation (genetic matching) publication-title: Hlth Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.1748 – volume: 4 start-page: 266 year: 2010 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Bart: Bayesian additive regression trees publication-title: Ann. Appl. Statist. doi: 10.1214/09-AOAS285 – volume-title: Using observational vs. randomized controlled trial data to learn about treatment effects year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 88 start-page: 389 year: 2006 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. doi: 10.1162/rest.88.3.389 – volume: 55 start-page: 179 year: 1968 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Contingency tables with given marginals publication-title: Biometrika doi: 10.1093/biomet/55.1.179 – volume: 276 start-page: 889 year: 1996 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03540110043030 – volume-title: Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference year: 2002 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 128 start-page: 2722 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Sepsis occurrence in acutely ill patients investigators: use of the pulmonary artery catheter is not associated with worse outcome in the ICU publication-title: Chest doi: 10.1378/chest.128.4.2722 – volume-title: Comparing iv with structural models: What simple iv can and cannot identify year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 73 start-page: 669 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation publication-title: Econometrica doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00594.x – volume: 333 start-page: 930 year: 2006 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Pulmonary artery catheters as currently used, do not benefit patients publication-title: Br. Med. J. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39017.459907.BE – volume: 14 start-page: 1217 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Incorporating covariate adjustment, subgroup analysis and between-centre differences into cost-effectiveness evaluations publication-title: Hlth Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.1008 – volume: 176 start-page: 5 year: 2013 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms (with discussion) publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2012.01032.x – volume: 20 start-page: 3 year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The consistency statement in causal inference: a definition or an assumption? publication-title: Epidemiology doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818ef366 – volume: 286 start-page: 348 year: 2001 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The pulmonary artery catheter—friend, foe, or accomplice? publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.3.348 – volume: 13 start-page: 461 year: 2004 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non-censored cost-effectiveness data publication-title: Hlth Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.843 – volume: 290 start-page: 1624 year: 2003 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Practical clinical trials publication-title: J. Am. Med. Ass. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.12.1624 – volume: 32 start-page: 911 year: 2004 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Severity of illness and risk of death associated with pulmonary artery catheter use publication-title: Crit. Care Med. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000119423.38610.65 – volume-title: What's the alternative?: an equivalence approach to placebo and balance tests year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 95 start-page: 932 year: 2013 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Genetic matching for estimating causal effects: a general multivariate matching method for achieving balance in observational studies publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00318 – volume: 27 start-page: 1801 year: 2008 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Generalizing from clinical trial data: a case study, the risk of suicidality among pediatric antidepressant users publication-title: Statist. Med. doi: 10.1002/sim.3218 – volume: 22 start-page: 353 year: 2003 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Incremental net benefit in randomized clinical trials with quality-adjusted survival publication-title: Statist. Med. doi: 10.1002/sim.1347 – volume: 125 start-page: 241 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Predicting the efficacy of future training programs using past experiences at other locations publication-title: J. Econmetr. doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.04.009 – volume: 174 start-page: 369 year: 2011 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials publication-title: J. R. Statist. Soc. A doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2010.00673.x – volume: 12 start-page: 487 year: 2009 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Opiates for the matches: matching methods for causal inference publication-title: A. Rev. Politi. Sci. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135444 – volume: 366 start-page: 472 year: 2005 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: An assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in patient management in intensive care (pac-man): a randomized controlled trial publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4 – volume: 106 start-page: 620 year: 1957 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Information theory and statistical mechanics publication-title: Phys. Rev. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.106.620 – volume: 11 start-page: 415 year: 2002 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a framework for the marriage of econometrics and cost-effectiveness analysis publication-title: Hlth Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.678 – volume: 38 start-page: 233 year: 2003 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of four treatment modalities for substance disorders: a propensity score analysis publication-title: Hlth Serv. Res. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.00114 – volume: 81 start-page: 1 year: 1999 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Imposing moment restrictions from auxiliary data by weighting publication-title: Rev. Econ. Statist. doi: 10.1162/003465399557860 – volume-title: External validity and partner selection bias year: 2012 ident: 2023022705375448500_ – volume: 8 start-page: 183 year: 1992 ident: 2023022705375448500_ article-title: Weighting for unequal Pi publication-title: J. Off. Statist. |
| SSID | ssj0000077 |
| Score | 2.4959102 |
| Snippet | Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to... Summary Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref wiley jstor istex |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 757 |
| SubjectTerms | Average Averages Catheterization Causal inference Clinical trials Cost analysis Cost effectiveness analysis Cost efficiency Cost-effectiveness Cost-effectiveness studies Entropy Estimation Estimation bias External validity Intubation Medical treatment Observational studies Placebo tests Placebos Political action committees Population Population distributions Population estimates Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary artery catheterization Randomized controlled trials Sample surveys Side effects Statistics |
| Title | From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects |
| URI | https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-6R9G41XT-F/fulltext.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/43965761 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Frssa.12094 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1682894728 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1683079993 |
| Volume | 178 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3fb9MwED6N8TIe-DGYyBiTEQgJpFT5YTsJ4mUCuglpE-o20RcU2Y7zMmimppUm_jD-Pu7sJGQTIMFbmlxrt7m7fL5-_g7gRVTXwiSJDiNFpZsk0mEuEhVWhYm04UbkhkoDxyfy6Jx_nIv5Brzt98J4fYih4EaR4fI1BbjS7SjIl22rJrTzk8RA41SScP772Ug7KnJtFxGic2JT5J02KdF4fr312tPoNv2wVz0x8RrkHANX9-SZ3oMv_Zw94eRisl7pifl-Q87xf7_UfbjbQVJ24H3oAWzYxTbcOR70XNtt2CJM6iWdH8KP6bL5xlpFusJMYShgSmIDYZ15hghbNexyaA72ZzO8huP487Z6w3DC2vWsYOPeA4zKxazRQwkZT7WeAUkDkVIITtWOR7w5UvsIzqcfzt4dhV37h9DQ_uAw5qYSeSULfKFlndYIrRE_aa6kQveyhqTuMH0IRCBVKkWcZbharROb2LjIVZXuwOaiWdjHwESqlMi0SitT4Kdypaoas5vKZVzjURHAq94NStNpo1OLjq9lv0aiG1O6GxPA88H20iuC_NbqpfOmwUQtL4hDl4ny88lhKWfFIY_nZ-U0gB3nboMhIkSJi8A4gL3e_8our7RlLGmFzLMkD-DZcBkzAv3Noxa2WTsbTNwI_NMAXjtn-8s8y9np6YE72v0X4yewhchReM7cHmyulmv7FNHZSu_DrYR_2nex-BPy5zt6 |
| linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Nb9QwEB1Be6AcUClUBAoYgZBACtoktpNwqyq2C3RXqN2KvVm241xaNtVmK_HL-H3MOFmTIkDilo9JHGVmnDeT8RuAV6O6FjZNTTzSlLpJRyYuRKrjqrQjY7kVhaXUwHQmJ-f800Is-tocWgvT8UOEhBt5hp-vycEpIT3w8lXb6ne09JPfhm0uMXYhYmf-ZYB-feNFBOmc6imKnp2UCnl-XXvje7RNr_b7pjTxBugcQlf_7Rnvwr0eNLLDTsv34ZZb7sHdaWBcbfdgh1BjR7r8AH6MV8031mpi_mUajRUnDRZKyllXw8HWDbsK7bv-LobncJzuuKveM3xPxneVYMPuAIwSuqwxIcmLh9quRpEGIi4PfFQ3HPH3kdqHcD7-MD-axH2DhtjSCt444bYSRSVL3DGyzmoEv4hwDNdSowE4S2R06OACMUKVSZHkOcaTdepSl5SFrrJ92Fo2S_cImMi0FrnRWWVLvCvXuqpx_tGFTGrcKiN4s1GTsj17OTXRuFSbKIZUqrxKI3gZZK86zo4_Sr322g4ienVBVW65UF9nx0qelsc8WczVOIJ9bw5BEDGcxDAtieBgYx-q9_xWJZJiWJ6nRQQvwmn0WfoRo5euufYyOLUiNM8ieOvt6h_PqU7Pzg791uP_EX4Odybz6Yk6-Tj7_AR2EOeJrsLtALbWq2v3FLHU2jzzHvMTqIsdiQ |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwEB6VVkLlgEqhItCCEQgJpFSbxHYSxKUqpOXRVdWH2JtlO8kF2Kw2W4lfxu9jxklMWgESNyeZxJFnxvk8GX8D8GJS18LGsQknmkI38cSEmYh1WOZ2Yiy3IrMUGjiZyuNL_nEmZmvwdtgL0_FD-IAbeYabr8nBF2U9cvJl2-p92vnJb8EGR8Mj-4756Qj8urqLiNE5pVNkPTkp5fH8vvfa52iDRvbHkJl4DXOOkav79BRbcLfHjOygU_I9WKvm23DnxBOuttuwSaCx41y-Dz-LZfOdtZqIf5lGW8U5g_mMctalcLBVwxa-etffxfAa9tOdr8o3DIfJuKISbFwcgFE8lzXGx3jxVNulKFJHROWBr1qNe7zZU_sALov3F4fHYV-fIbS0gTeMuC1FVsocD4yskxqxLwIcw7XUqP_KEhcd-rdAiFAmUkRpisvJOq7iKsozXSY7sD5v5tVDYCLRWqRGJ6XN8alc67LG6UdnMqqxlQfwalCTsj15OdXQ-KaGRQypVDmVBvDcyy46yo4_Sr102vYievmVktxSob5Mj5Q8y494NLtQRQA7zhy8IEI4iau0KIDdwT5U7_itiiQtYXkaZwE885fRZek_jJ5XzZWTwZkVkXkSwGtnV_94T3V2fn7gWo_-R_gp3D59V6jPH6afHsMmojzR5bftwvpqeVXtIZJamSfOYX4BCbYcxA |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+sample+average+treatment+effect+to+population+average+treatment+effect+on+the+treated%3A+combining+experimental+with+observational+studies+to+estimate+population+treatment+effects&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society.+Series+A%2C+Statistics+in+society&rft.au=Hartman%2C+Erin&rft.au=Grieve%2C+Richard&rft.au=Ramsahai%2C+Roland&rft.au=Sekhon%2C+Jasjeet+S.&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.issn=0964-1998&rft.eissn=1467-985X&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=757&rft.epage=778&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Frssa.12094&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=ark_67375_WNG_6R9G41XT_F |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0964-1998&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0964-1998&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0964-1998&client=summon |