Effect of Iodine Intake on Thyroid Diseases in China
Low or high iodine intake may lead to thyroid dysfunction. In this study, the prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis were increased with increasing iodine intake in regions of China with iodine intake that was mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion,...
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| Published in | The New England journal of medicine Vol. 354; no. 26; pp. 2783 - 2793 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Boston, MA
Massachusetts Medical Society
29.06.2006
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0028-4793 1533-4406 1533-4406 |
| DOI | 10.1056/NEJMoa054022 |
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| Abstract | Low or high iodine intake may lead to thyroid dysfunction. In this study, the prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis were increased with increasing iodine intake in regions of China with iodine intake that was mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 μg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 μg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 μg per liter).
The prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis were increased with increasing iodine intake in regions of China with iodine intake that was mildly deficient, more than adequate, and excessive.
Salt has been iodized throughout China since 1996, and as a result, iodine intake has increased countrywide. Data from the Ministry of Health of China indicate that the median urinary iodine excretion — a surrogate measure for iodine intake — increased from 165 μg per liter in 1995 to 330 μg per liter in 1997 and stabilized at a similar level (306 μg per liter) in 1999.
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In fact, according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund, and the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders,
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after iodization measures were instituted, the . . . |
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| AbstractList | Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 microg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 microg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 microg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease.
Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up.
Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function.
More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Low or high iodine intake may lead to thyroid dysfunction. In this study, the prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis were increased with increasing iodine intake in regions of China with iodine intake that was mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 μg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 μg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 μg per liter). The prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis were increased with increasing iodine intake in regions of China with iodine intake that was mildly deficient, more than adequate, and excessive. Salt has been iodized throughout China since 1996, and as a result, iodine intake has increased countrywide. Data from the Ministry of Health of China indicate that the median urinary iodine excretion — a surrogate measure for iodine intake — increased from 165 μg per liter in 1995 to 330 μg per liter in 1997 and stabilized at a similar level (306 μg per liter) in 1999. 1 In fact, according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund, and the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, 2 after iodization measures were instituted, the . . . Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 microg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 microg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 microg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease.BACKGROUNDIodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 microg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 microg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 microg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease.Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up.METHODSOf the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up.Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function.RESULTSAmong subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function.More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.CONCLUSIONSMore than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Background Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 μg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 μg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 μg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease. Methods Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up. Results Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function. Conclusions More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. |
| Author | Gao, Tianshu Teng, Weiping Teng, Di Li, Chenyang Yu, Yang Hu, Fengnan Shan, Zhongyan Teng, Xiaochun Jin, Ying Shi, Xiaoguang Li, Yushu Wang, Weibo Dai, Hong Guan, Haixia Zhao, Dong Fan, Chenling Chen, Yanyan Chong, Wei Mao, Jinyuan Tong, Yajie Li, Jia Yang, Rong Yang, Fan Yu, Xiaohui Gu, Xiaolan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Weiping surname: Teng fullname: Teng, Weiping – sequence: 1 givenname: Xiaochun surname: Teng fullname: Teng, Xiaochun – sequence: 1 givenname: Di surname: Teng fullname: Teng, Di – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhongyan surname: Shan fullname: Shan, Zhongyan – sequence: 4 givenname: Haixia surname: Guan fullname: Guan, Haixia – sequence: 5 givenname: Yushu surname: Li fullname: Li, Yushu – sequence: 5 givenname: Chenyang surname: Li fullname: Li, Chenyang – sequence: 5 givenname: Jia surname: Li fullname: Li, Jia – sequence: 7 givenname: Ying surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Ying – sequence: 8 givenname: Yang surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Yang – sequence: 8 givenname: Xiaohui surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Xiaohui – sequence: 9 givenname: Chenling surname: Fan fullname: Fan, Chenling – sequence: 10 givenname: Wei surname: Chong fullname: Chong, Wei – sequence: 11 givenname: Fan surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Fan – sequence: 11 givenname: Rong surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Rong – sequence: 12 givenname: Hong surname: Dai fullname: Dai, Hong – sequence: 15 givenname: Yanyan surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Yanyan – sequence: 16 givenname: Dong surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Dong – sequence: 17 givenname: Xiaoguang surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Xiaoguang – sequence: 18 givenname: Fengnan surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Fengnan – sequence: 19 givenname: Jinyuan surname: Mao fullname: Mao, Jinyuan – sequence: 20 givenname: Xiaolan surname: Gu fullname: Gu, Xiaolan – sequence: 22 givenname: Yajie surname: Tong fullname: Tong, Yajie – sequence: 23 givenname: Weibo surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Weibo – sequence: 24 givenname: Tianshu surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Tianshu |
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| References | Hu F (r013) 2002; 21 Li Y (r012) 2002; 22 Guan H (r014) 2001; 81 Shan Z (r003) 2001; 17 Teng XC (r005) 2002; 36 r020 r010 Li C (r011) 2003; 42 r021 r022 r023 Chen Z (r001) 2001; 16 Ma T (r008) 1982; 95 r017 r018 r019 r002 r024 r004 r015 r016 Guan H (r006) 2001; 40 16807421 - N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 29;354(26):2819-21 17021329 - N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 5;355(14):1500; author reply 1501 |
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| Snippet | Low or high iodine intake may lead to thyroid dysfunction. In this study, the prevalences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis... Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt... Background Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Autoantibodies - blood Biological and medical sciences China - epidemiology Diet Endocrinopathies Female Follow-Up Studies General aspects Humans Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism - chemically induced Hypothyroidism - epidemiology Incidence Iodine - administration & dosage Iodine - adverse effects Iodine - urine Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Non tumoral diseases. Target tissue resistance. Benign neoplasms Surveys and Questionnaires Thyroid diseases Thyroid Diseases - epidemiology Thyroid Diseases - prevention & control Thyroid gland Thyroid Gland - diagnostic imaging Thyroid Hormones - blood Thyroid Hormones - immunology Thyroid. Thyroid axis (diseases) Thyroiditis, Autoimmune - chemically induced Thyroiditis, Autoimmune - epidemiology Ultrasonography |
| Title | Effect of Iodine Intake on Thyroid Diseases in China |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807415 https://www.proquest.com/docview/223924035 https://www.proquest.com/docview/68596787 |
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