Restraint use among nursing home residents: cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study

Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12‐month follow‐up and (3) characteristics associa...

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Published inJournal of clinical nursing Vol. 18; no. 7; pp. 981 - 990
Main Authors Meyer, Gabriele, Köpke, Sascha, Haastert, Burkhard, Mühlhauser, Ingrid
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2009
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0962-1067
1365-2702
1365-2702
DOI10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02460.x

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Abstract Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12‐month follow‐up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes. Background.  High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint‐free care. Design.  Cross‐sectional study and prospective cohort study. Setting and subjects.  Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany. Methods.  External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents’ records and prospective data were documented by nurses. Results.  Residents’ mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21·3–31·1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4·4 to 58·9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24·5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52·4% (95% CI 48·7–56·1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26·3% (21·3–31·3) cumulated to 39·5% (33·3–45·7) at the end of follow‐up (10·4 SD 3·3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4·9–64·8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences. Conclusions.  The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints. Relevance to clinical practice.  Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence‐based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint‐free nursing home care.
AbstractList Cross-sectional research in Germany to investigate the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs at 30 elderly care nursing homes. Their frequency of use over 12 months was examined, and factors associated with their use were identified, including the clinical characteristics of restrained residents. [(BNI unique abstract)] 37 references
Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12‐month follow‐up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes. Background.  High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint‐free care. Design.  Cross‐sectional study and prospective cohort study. Setting and subjects.  Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany. Methods.  External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents’ records and prospective data were documented by nurses. Results.  Residents’ mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21·3–31·1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4·4 to 58·9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24·5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52·4% (95% CI 48·7–56·1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26·3% (21·3–31·3) cumulated to 39·5% (33·3–45·7) at the end of follow‐up (10·4 SD 3·3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4·9–64·8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences. Conclusions.  The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints. Relevance to clinical practice.  Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence‐based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint‐free nursing home care.
To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12-month follow-up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes. High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint-free care. Cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study. Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany. External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents' records and prospective data were documented by nurses. Residents' mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.3-31.1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4.4 to 58.9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24.5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52.4% (95% CI 48.7-56.1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26.3% (21.3-31.3) cumulated to 39.5% (33.3-45.7) at the end of follow-up (10.4 SD 3.3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4.9-64.8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences. The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints. Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence-based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint-free nursing home care.
Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12‐month follow‐up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes. Background.  High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint‐free care. Design.  Cross‐sectional study and prospective cohort study. Setting and subjects.  Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany. Methods.  External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents’ records and prospective data were documented by nurses. Results.  Residents’ mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21·3–31·1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4·4 to 58·9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24·5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52·4% (95% CI 48·7–56·1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26·3% (21·3–31·3) cumulated to 39·5% (33·3–45·7) at the end of follow‐up (10·4 SD 3·3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4·9–64·8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences. Conclusions.  The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints. Relevance to clinical practice.  Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence‐based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint‐free nursing home care.
To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12-month follow-up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes. High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint-free care. Cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study. Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany. External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents' records and prospective data were documented by nurses. Residents' mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.3-31.1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4.4 to 58.9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24.5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52.4% (95% CI 48.7-56.1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26.3% (21.3-31.3) cumulated to 39.5% (33.3-45.7) at the end of follow-up (10.4 SD 3.3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4.9-64.8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences. The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints. Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence-based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint-free nursing home care.
To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12-month follow-up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESTo investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of the devices and frequency of psychoactive medication on demand during 12-month follow-up and (3) characteristics associated with restraint use in nursing homes.High quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint-free care.BACKGROUNDHigh quality data on restraint use in German nursing homes are lacking so far. Such information is the basis for interventions to achieve a restraint-free care.Cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study.DESIGNCross-sectional study and prospective cohort study.Thirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany.SETTING AND SUBJECTSThirty nursing homes with 2367 residents in Hamburg, Germany.External investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents' records and prospective data were documented by nurses.METHODSExternal investigators obtained prevalence of physical restraints by direct observation on three occasions on one day, psychoactive drugs were extracted from residents' records and prospective data were documented by nurses.Residents' mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.3-31.1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4.4 to 58.9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24.5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52.4% (95% CI 48.7-56.1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26.3% (21.3-31.3) cumulated to 39.5% (33.3-45.7) at the end of follow-up (10.4 SD 3.3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4.9-64.8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences.RESULTSResidents' mean age was 86 years, 81% were female. Prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 26.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.3-31.1]. Centre prevalence ranged from 4.4 to 58.9%. Bedrails were most often used (in 24.5% of residents), fixed tables, belts and other restraints were rare. Prevalence of residents with at least one psychoactive drug was 52.4% (95% CI 48.7-56.1). The proportion of residents with at least one physical restraint after the first observation week of 26.3% (21.3-31.3) cumulated to 39.5% (33.3-45.7) at the end of follow-up (10.4 SD 3.3 months). The relative frequency of observation days with at least one device ranged from 4.9-64.8% between centres. No characteristic was found to explain centre differences.The frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints.CONCLUSIONSThe frequency of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs in German nursing homes is substantial. Pronounced centre variation suggests that standard care is possible without restraints.Effective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence-based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint-free nursing home care.RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICEEffective restraint minimisation approaches are urgently warranted. An evidence-based guideline may overcome centre differences towards a restraint-free nursing home care.
Author Haastert, Burkhard
Köpke, Sascha
Meyer, Gabriele
Mühlhauser, Ingrid
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  organization: Authors:Gabriele Meyer, PhD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Nursing Science, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Sascha Köpke, PhD, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Burkhard Haastert, PhD, MediStatistica, Lambertusweg 1b, Neuenrade, Germany; Ingrid Mühlhauser, MD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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  organization: Authors:Gabriele Meyer, PhD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Nursing Science, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Sascha Köpke, PhD, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Burkhard Haastert, PhD, MediStatistica, Lambertusweg 1b, Neuenrade, Germany; Ingrid Mühlhauser, MD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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  organization: Authors:Gabriele Meyer, PhD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Nursing Science, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Sascha Köpke, PhD, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Burkhard Haastert, PhD, MediStatistica, Lambertusweg 1b, Neuenrade, Germany; Ingrid Mühlhauser, MD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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  givenname: Ingrid
  surname: Mühlhauser
  fullname: Mühlhauser, Ingrid
  organization: Authors:Gabriele Meyer, PhD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Nursing Science, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany; Sascha Köpke, PhD, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Burkhard Haastert, PhD, MediStatistica, Lambertusweg 1b, Neuenrade, Germany; Ingrid Mühlhauser, MD, Professor, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19284433$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References Hamers JPH & Huizing AR (2005) Why do we use physical restraints in the elderly? Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 38, 19-25.
Alanen HM, Finne-Soveri H, Noro A & Leinonen E (2006) Use of antipsychotics among nonagenarian residents in long-term institutional care in Finland. Age and Ageing 35, 508-513.
Donner A & Klar N (2000) Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold, London.
Karlsson S, Bucht G, Eriksson S & Sandman PO (1996) Physical restraints in geriatric care in Sweden: prevalence and patient characteristics. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, 1348-1354.
Lai CKY, Wong TKS, Chow SKY, Kong SKF, Suen LKP, Chan CK, Leung JSC, Kong TK & Wong IYC (2007) Why is it so hard for nurses to take off the restraints? Abstract, The 18th Congress of the International Association of Gerontology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005.. Gerontology 53, 489.
Cohen-Mansfield J (1986) Agitated behaviors in the elderly. II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34, 722-727.
Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Baumgarten M & Maislin G (1999) Predictors of continued physical restraint use in nursing homes residents following restraint reduction efforts. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 47, 342-348.
Capezuti E, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Grisso JA & Maislin G (1998) The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 53, M47-M52.
Molter-Bock E, Hasford J & Pfundstein T (2006) Psychopharmakologische Behandlungspraxis in Münchener Altenpflegeheimen [Psychopharmacological drug treatment in Munich nursing homes]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 39, 336-343.
French DD, Campbell RR, Spehar AM & Accomando J (2007) How well do psychotropic medications match mental health diagnoses? A national view of potential off-label prescribing in VHA nursing homes. Age and Ageing 36, 107-108.
Meyer G, Köpke S & Mühlhauser I (2005) Mobilitätsrestriktionen in Alten- und Pflegeheimen: eine multizentrische Beobachtungsstudie [Physical restraints in nursing homes: a multicenter observation study]. Pflege und Gesellschaft 10, 37-39.
O'Keeffe ST (2004) Down with bedrails? Lancet 363, 343.
Dalichau G, Grüner H & Müller−Alten L (2002) SGB XI - Pflegeversicherung. Kommentar und Rechtssammlung [SGB XI - Statutory care insurance. Comment and collection of statutes]. RS Schulz, Starnberg.
Huizing AR, Hamers JPH, Gulpers MJM & Berger MP (2006) Short-term effects of an educational intervention on physical restraint use: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics 7, 17.
Weyerer S, Schäufele M & Hendlmeier I (2005) Besondere und traditionelle stationäre Betreuung demenzkranker Menschen im Vergleich [A comparison of special and traditional inpatient care of people with dementia]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 38, 85-94.
Williams RL (2000) A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics 56, 645-646.
Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Ryan JM, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Weintraub D, Lieberman JA & CATIE-AD Study Group (2006) Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 355, 1525-1538.
Bourbonniere M, Strumpf NE, Evans LK & Maislin G (2003) Organizational characteristics and restraint use for hospitalized nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51, 1079-1084.
Flaherty JH (2004) Zero tolerance for physical restraints: difficult but not impossible. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59, 919-920.
Sink KM, Holden KF & Yaffe K (2005) Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 293, 596-608.
Williams RL (1995) Product limit survival functions with correlated survival times. Lifetime Data Analysis 1, 171-186.
Welz-Barth A & Füsgen I (2007) Dementia patients in nursing homes. European Journal of Geriatrics 9(Suppl), 23-28.
Castle NG (2002) Nursing homes with persistent deficiency citations for physical restraint use. Medical Care 40, 868-878.
Hamers JPH, Gulpers MJM & Strik W (2004) Use of physical restraints with cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Journal of Advanced Nursing 45, 246-251.
Rogers WH (1993) Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin 13, 19-23.
Tinetti ME, Liu WL, Marottoli RA & Ginter SF (1991) Mechanical restraint use among residents of skilled nursing facilities. Prevalence, patterns and predictors. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, 468-471.
Capezuti E, Wagner LM, Brush BL, Boltz M, Renz S & Talerico KA (2007) Consequences of an intervention to reduce restrictive side rail use in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, 334-341.
Huizing AR, Hamers JPH, De Jonge J, Candel M & Berger MP (2007) Organisational determinants of the use of physical restraints: a multilevel approach. Social Science and Medicine 65, 924-933.
Laurin D, Voyer P, Verreault R & Durand PJ (2004) Physical restraint use among nursing home residents: a comparison of two data collection methods. BMC Nursing 3, 5.
Kolanowski A, Fick D, Waller JL & Ahern F (2006) Outcomes of antipsychotic drug use in community-dwelling elders with dementia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 20, 217-225.
Kerry SM & Bland JM (2001) Unequal cluster sizes for trials in English and Welsh general practice: implications for sample size calculations. Statistics in Medicine 20, 377-390.
Phillips CD, Spry KM, Sloane PD & Hawes C (2000) Use of physical restraints and psychotropic medications in Alzheimer special care units in nursing homes. American Journal of Public Health 90, 92-96.
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19284439 - J Clin Nurs. 2009 Apr;18(7):1078-9
References_xml – reference: Hamers JPH, Gulpers MJM & Strik W (2004) Use of physical restraints with cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Journal of Advanced Nursing 45, 246-251.
– reference: Cohen-Mansfield J (1986) Agitated behaviors in the elderly. II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34, 722-727.
– reference: Tinetti ME, Liu WL, Marottoli RA & Ginter SF (1991) Mechanical restraint use among residents of skilled nursing facilities. Prevalence, patterns and predictors. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 265, 468-471.
– reference: Donner A & Klar N (2000) Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold, London.
– reference: Dalichau G, Grüner H & Müller−Alten L (2002) SGB XI - Pflegeversicherung. Kommentar und Rechtssammlung [SGB XI - Statutory care insurance. Comment and collection of statutes]. RS Schulz, Starnberg.
– reference: Bourbonniere M, Strumpf NE, Evans LK & Maislin G (2003) Organizational characteristics and restraint use for hospitalized nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51, 1079-1084.
– reference: Huizing AR, Hamers JPH, Gulpers MJM & Berger MP (2006) Short-term effects of an educational intervention on physical restraint use: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Geriatrics 7, 17.
– reference: Williams RL (1995) Product limit survival functions with correlated survival times. Lifetime Data Analysis 1, 171-186.
– reference: Williams RL (2000) A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics 56, 645-646.
– reference: O'Keeffe ST (2004) Down with bedrails? Lancet 363, 343.
– reference: Rogers WH (1993) Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin 13, 19-23.
– reference: Flaherty JH (2004) Zero tolerance for physical restraints: difficult but not impossible. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59, 919-920.
– reference: Sink KM, Holden KF & Yaffe K (2005) Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 293, 596-608.
– reference: Capezuti E, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Grisso JA & Maislin G (1998) The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 53, M47-M52.
– reference: Huizing AR, Hamers JPH, De Jonge J, Candel M & Berger MP (2007) Organisational determinants of the use of physical restraints: a multilevel approach. Social Science and Medicine 65, 924-933.
– reference: Kolanowski A, Fick D, Waller JL & Ahern F (2006) Outcomes of antipsychotic drug use in community-dwelling elders with dementia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 20, 217-225.
– reference: Laurin D, Voyer P, Verreault R & Durand PJ (2004) Physical restraint use among nursing home residents: a comparison of two data collection methods. BMC Nursing 3, 5.
– reference: Weyerer S, Schäufele M & Hendlmeier I (2005) Besondere und traditionelle stationäre Betreuung demenzkranker Menschen im Vergleich [A comparison of special and traditional inpatient care of people with dementia]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 38, 85-94.
– reference: Kerry SM & Bland JM (2001) Unequal cluster sizes for trials in English and Welsh general practice: implications for sample size calculations. Statistics in Medicine 20, 377-390.
– reference: Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Baumgarten M & Maislin G (1999) Predictors of continued physical restraint use in nursing homes residents following restraint reduction efforts. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 47, 342-348.
– reference: Alanen HM, Finne-Soveri H, Noro A & Leinonen E (2006) Use of antipsychotics among nonagenarian residents in long-term institutional care in Finland. Age and Ageing 35, 508-513.
– reference: Castle NG (2002) Nursing homes with persistent deficiency citations for physical restraint use. Medical Care 40, 868-878.
– reference: Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Ryan JM, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Weintraub D, Lieberman JA & CATIE-AD Study Group (2006) Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 355, 1525-1538.
– reference: Hamers JPH & Huizing AR (2005) Why do we use physical restraints in the elderly? Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 38, 19-25.
– reference: Meyer G, Köpke S & Mühlhauser I (2005) Mobilitätsrestriktionen in Alten- und Pflegeheimen: eine multizentrische Beobachtungsstudie [Physical restraints in nursing homes: a multicenter observation study]. Pflege und Gesellschaft 10, 37-39.
– reference: Karlsson S, Bucht G, Eriksson S & Sandman PO (1996) Physical restraints in geriatric care in Sweden: prevalence and patient characteristics. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, 1348-1354.
– reference: Lai CKY, Wong TKS, Chow SKY, Kong SKF, Suen LKP, Chan CK, Leung JSC, Kong TK & Wong IYC (2007) Why is it so hard for nurses to take off the restraints? Abstract, The 18th Congress of the International Association of Gerontology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005.. Gerontology 53, 489.
– reference: Molter-Bock E, Hasford J & Pfundstein T (2006) Psychopharmakologische Behandlungspraxis in Münchener Altenpflegeheimen [Psychopharmacological drug treatment in Munich nursing homes]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 39, 336-343.
– reference: Capezuti E, Wagner LM, Brush BL, Boltz M, Renz S & Talerico KA (2007) Consequences of an intervention to reduce restrictive side rail use in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 55, 334-341.
– reference: French DD, Campbell RR, Spehar AM & Accomando J (2007) How well do psychotropic medications match mental health diagnoses? A national view of potential off-label prescribing in VHA nursing homes. Age and Ageing 36, 107-108.
– reference: Phillips CD, Spry KM, Sloane PD & Hawes C (2000) Use of physical restraints and psychotropic medications in Alzheimer special care units in nursing homes. American Journal of Public Health 90, 92-96.
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Snippet Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints,...
Aims and objectives.  To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints,...
To investigate (1) the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive medication, (2) newly administered physical restraints, frequency of application of...
Cross-sectional research in Germany to investigate the prevalence of physical restraints and psychoactive drugs at 30 elderly care nursing homes. Their...
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SubjectTerms Aged, 80 and over
Analysis of Variance
Cluster Analysis
Cognition Disorders - diagnosis
Cognition Disorders - epidemiology
Cognition Disorders - prevention & control
Cross-Sectional Studies
Documentation
Drug Utilization - statistics & numerical data
epidemiology
Evidence-based medicine
Female
Geriatric Assessment
Germany - epidemiology
Humans
Kaplan-Meier Estimate
Logistic Models
Male
nurses
nursing
Nursing care
Nursing Evaluation Research
Nursing homes
Nursing Homes - organization & administration
Nursing Records
Older people
Prevalence
Psychotropic drugs
Psychotropic Drugs - therapeutic use
restraint
Restraint, Physical - methods
Restraint, Physical - utilization
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Studies
Title Restraint use among nursing home residents: cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study
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Volume 18
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