Microplastic Shape, Polymer Type, and Concentration Affect Soil Properties and Plant Biomass
Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing differ...
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| Published in | Frontiers in plant science Vol. 12; p. 616645 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
16.02.2021
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1664-462X 1664-462X |
| DOI | 10.3389/fpls.2021.616645 |
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| Abstract | Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (
Daucus carota
) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( Daucus carota ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems.Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer (Daucus carota) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. Microplastics may enter the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers. However, little is known about the effects that microplastics of different shapes, polymers, and concentration may have on soil properties and plant performance. To address this, we selected 12 microplastics representing different shapes (fibers, films, foams, and fragments) and polymers, and mixed them each with soil at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%. A phytometer ( ) grew in each pot during 4 weeks. Shoot, root mass, soil aggregation, and microbial activity were measured. All shapes increased plant biomass. Shoot mass increased by ∼27% with fibers, ∼60% with films, ∼45% with foams, and by ∼54% with fragments, as fibers hold water in the soil for longer, films decrease soil bulk density, and foams and fragments can increase soil aeration and macroporosity, which overall promote plant performance. By contrast, all shapes decreased soil aggregation by ∼25% as microplastics may introduce fracture points into aggregates and due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Our findings show that shape, polymer type, and concentration are key properties when studying microplastic effects on terrestrial systems. |
| Author | Lehnert, Timon Rillig, Matthias C. Linck, Lydia T. Lehmann, Anika Lozano, Yudi M. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany 2 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research , Berlin , Germany |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany – name: 2 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research , Berlin , Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yudi M. surname: Lozano fullname: Lozano, Yudi M. – sequence: 2 givenname: Timon surname: Lehnert fullname: Lehnert, Timon – sequence: 3 givenname: Lydia T. surname: Linck fullname: Linck, Lydia T. – sequence: 4 givenname: Anika surname: Lehmann fullname: Lehmann, Anika – sequence: 5 givenname: Matthias C. surname: Rillig fullname: Rillig, Matthias C. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33664758$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2021 Lozano, Lehnert, Linck, Lehmann and Rillig. Copyright © 2021 Lozano, Lehnert, Linck, Lehmann and Rillig. 2021 Lozano, Lehnert, Linck, Lehmann and Rillig |
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| Keywords | soil water status water-stable aggregates Daucus carota microresp porosity |
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| References | Zeileis (B59) 2006; 16 Lozano (B34) 2020 Lehmann (B25) 2019; 3 Liang (B29) 2019; 10 Six (B51) 2004; 79 Qi (B41) 2018; 645 Carter (B7) 2006 de Souza Machado (B8); 24 Fei (B14) 2020; 707 Reynolds (B43) 2007; 316 Helmberger (B18) 2020; 34 (B37) 2005 Semchenko (B50) 2018; 4 Smith (B52) 2010 Bronick (B5) 2005; 124 Hortal (B20) 2013; 64 Hahladakis (B17) 2018; 344 Wang (B56) 2019; 691 Brahney (B3) 2020; 368 Ho (B19) 2019; 16 Manning (B36) 2018; 2 Bretz (B4) 2011 Díaz (B11) 2018; 359 (B42) 2019 Steinmetz (B53) 2016; 550 Fierer (B15) 2007; 88 Lehmann (B27) 2017; 1 Liu (B31) 2017; 185 Kemper (B24) 1986 van Kleunen (B54) 2019; 2 Lithner (B30) 2011; 409 Zhang (B60) 2018; 642 Bläsing (B2) 2018; 612 Rillig (B45) 2019; 53 Zhang (B61) 2018; 243 Lozano (B35) 2020; 54 Romera-Castillo (B48) 2018; 9 Lehmann (B26) 2020 Rojas-Tapias (B47) 2012; 61 Oksanen (B39) 2019 Lozano (B32) 2019 Lozano (B33) 2021 de Souza Machado (B9); 52 Espí (B12) 2006; 22 Yang (B57) 2020 Rillig (B44) 2012; 46 Huerta Lwanga (B23) 2016; 50 Li (B28) 2018; 142 (B13) 2019 Allen (B1) 2019; 12 de Souza Machado (B10) 2019; 53 Campbell (B6) 2003; 69 Gartzia-Bengoetxea (B16) 2016; 100 Ruser (B49) 2008 Rodriguez-Seijo (B46) 2017; 220 Neal (B38) 2012; 7 Wan (B55) 2019; 654 Hothorn (B21) 2008; 50 Huang (B22) 2019; 254 Zimmerman (B62) 1961; 91 Piehl (B40) 2018; 8 Yu (B58) 2020; 726 34267777 - Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jun 29;12:714541. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714541. |
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| SubjectTerms | Daucus carota microresp Plant Science porosity soil water status water-stable aggregates |
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| Title | Microplastic Shape, Polymer Type, and Concentration Affect Soil Properties and Plant Biomass |
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