Weight-bearing, muscle loading and bone mineral accrual in pubertal girls—A 2-year longitudinal study
Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship...
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| Published in | Bone (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 40; no. 5; pp. 1196 - 1202 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York, NY
Elsevier Inc
01.05.2007
Elsevier Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 8756-3282 1873-2763 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.054 |
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| Abstract | Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue.
Subjects and methods: The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10–13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's
z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's
t-test.
Results: BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (
r
2
=
0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm.
Conclusions: The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue.
Subjects and methods: The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10–13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's
z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's
t-test.
Results: BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (
r
2
=
0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm.
Conclusions: The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue.OBJECTIVESThe mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue.The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10-13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's t-test.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10-13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's t-test.BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (r(2)=0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm.RESULTSBMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (r(2)=0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm.The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. Abstract Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue. Subjects and methods : The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10–13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's z -transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's t -test. Results: BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs ( r2 = 0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm. Conclusions : The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue. Subjects and methods: The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10-13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's t-test. Results: BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (r super(2)=0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm. Conclusions: The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source of loading applied to bones. However, the effect of weight-bearing on bone mineral accrual is unclear. Comparing the relationship between muscle force and bone mineral content (BMC) in the upper and lower limbs provides a means of investigating this issue. The study group comprised 258 healthy girls aged 10-13 years old at baseline. BMC, lean body mass (LM) and fat body mass (FM) of total body were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 2 years after. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of left elbow flexors and knee extensors was evaluated by a dynamometer. A hierarchical linear statistical model with random effects was used to analyze the relationship between BMC and limb-matched MVC. Fisher's z-transformation was used to compare the correlation coefficients between arms and legs. The ratio of BMC to MVC (BMC/MVC) in upper and lower limbs was compared using Student's t-test. BMC was highly correlated with MVC in arms and legs (r(2)=0.54 and 0.50, respectively), and the correlation coefficients did not differ between upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, BMC/MVC was significantly (30%) higher in leg than in arm. The results indicate that local muscle contraction and weight-bearing exert an additive effect on bone mass accretion in the lower limbs. Exercise regimes combining resistance and impact training should provide larger bone response than either one of them alone in growing children. |
| Author | Kröger, Heikki Nicholson, Patrick Koistinen, Arvo Cheng, Sulin Alén, Markku Suominen, Harri Wang, Qingju |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qingju surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qingju email: Qingju.Wang@sport.jyu.fi organization: Endocrine Center, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Markku surname: Alén fullname: Alén, Markku email: Markku.Alen@sport.jyu.fi organization: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (LL), Fin-40014, Finland – sequence: 3 givenname: Patrick surname: Nicholson fullname: Nicholson, Patrick email: patrick_nicholson@btopenworld.com organization: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (LL), Fin-40014, Finland – sequence: 4 givenname: Harri surname: Suominen fullname: Suominen, Harri email: Harri.Suominen@sport.jyu.fi organization: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (LL), Fin-40014, Finland – sequence: 5 givenname: Arvo surname: Koistinen fullname: Koistinen, Arvo email: arvo.koistinen@ksshp.fi organization: Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland – sequence: 6 givenname: Heikki surname: Kröger fullname: Kröger, Heikki email: heikki.kroger@kuh.fi organization: Department of Surgery, Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland – sequence: 7 givenname: Sulin surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, Sulin email: Sulin.Cheng@sport.jyu.fi organization: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (LL), Fin-40014, Finland |
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| Keywords | LM Pubertal girls CV BMC/MVC BMC/LM Muscle force FM BMC MVC Bone Weight-bearing lean body mass ratio of BMC to MVC fat mass ratio of BMC to LM bone mineral content maximal isometric voluntary contraction coefficient of variation Human Knee Puberty Left Lower limb Hand Leg Bone mineral density Upper limb Arm Elbow Child |
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| Snippet | Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the... Abstract Objectives: The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded... The mechanical environment is considered to be the most important determinant of bone strength. Local muscle force, in turn, is regarded as the largest source... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Biological and medical sciences Body Mass Index Bone Bone Density - physiology Child Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects) Longitudinal Studies Medical sciences Muscle Contraction Muscle force Muscles - physiology Orthopedics Osteoarticular system. Muscles Pubertal girls Puberty - physiology Radiodiagnosis. Nmr imagery. Nmr spectrometry Time Factors Weight-bearing Weight-Bearing - physiology |
| Title | Weight-bearing, muscle loading and bone mineral accrual in pubertal girls—A 2-year longitudinal study |
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