Threats Posed by the Fungal Kingdom to Humans, Wildlife, and Agriculture
The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of whic...
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| Published in | mBio Vol. 11; no. 3 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Society for Microbiology
05.05.2020
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2161-2129 2150-7511 2150-7511 |
| DOI | 10.1128/mBio.00449-20 |
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| Abstract | The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals.
The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security. |
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| AbstractList | ABSTRACT The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security. The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security.The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security. The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security. The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security. |
| Author | Gow, Neil A. R. Wright, Gerard D. Sheppard, Donald C. Taylor, John W. Kronstad, James W. Boone, Charles Klein, Bruce S. Gurr, Sarah J. Casadevall, Arturo Blehert, David S. Stajich, Jason E. Fisher, Matthew C. Stukenbrock, Eva H. Kahmann, Regine Cuomo, Christina A. Heitman, Joseph Denning, David W. Cowen, Leah E. Jin, Hailing |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Matthew C. orcidid: 0000-0002-1862-6402 surname: Fisher fullname: Fisher, Matthew C. organization: MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Sarah J. surname: Gurr fullname: Gurr, Sarah J. organization: Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Christina A. orcidid: 0000-0002-5778-960X surname: Cuomo fullname: Cuomo, Christina A. organization: Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: David S. surname: Blehert fullname: Blehert, David S. organization: U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Hailing surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Hailing organization: Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Eva H. surname: Stukenbrock fullname: Stukenbrock, Eva H. organization: Max Planck Fellow Group Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany, Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Jason E. orcidid: 0000-0002-7591-0020 surname: Stajich fullname: Stajich, Jason E. organization: Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Regine surname: Kahmann fullname: Kahmann, Regine organization: Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Charles surname: Boone fullname: Boone, Charles organization: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan – sequence: 10 givenname: David W. surname: Denning fullname: Denning, David W. organization: The National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom – sequence: 11 givenname: Neil A. R. orcidid: 0000-0002-2776-5850 surname: Gow fullname: Gow, Neil A. R. organization: Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 12 givenname: Bruce S. surname: Klein fullname: Klein, Bruce S. organization: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: James W. orcidid: 0000-0003-4240-6976 surname: Kronstad fullname: Kronstad, James W. organization: Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada – sequence: 14 givenname: Donald C. surname: Sheppard fullname: Sheppard, Donald C. organization: McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada – sequence: 15 givenname: John W. surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, John W. organization: University of California—Berkeley, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Berkeley, California, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: Gerard D. surname: Wright fullname: Wright, Gerard D. organization: M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 17 givenname: Joseph surname: Heitman fullname: Heitman, Joseph organization: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA – sequence: 18 givenname: Arturo orcidid: 0000-0002-9402-9167 surname: Casadevall fullname: Casadevall, Arturo organization: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA – sequence: 19 givenname: Leah E. surname: Cowen fullname: Cowen, Leah E. organization: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32371596$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity,... ABSTRACT The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agriculture Animals Animals, Wild - microbiology antifungal resistance biodiversity food security fungal pathogens Fungi - pathogenicity Global Health Host-Microbe Biology Humans medical mycology Minireview Mycoses - microbiology Plant Diseases - microbiology Plants - microbiology |
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| Title | Threats Posed by the Fungal Kingdom to Humans, Wildlife, and Agriculture |
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