Prevalence of adiposity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors in the samoan genome-wide association study

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity‐related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome‐wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits. Methods Anthropometric and biochemical data collected...

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Published inAmerican journal of human biology Vol. 26; no. 4; pp. 491 - 501
Main Authors Hawley, Nicola L., Minster, Ryan L., Weeks, Daniel E., Viali, Satupaitea, Reupena, Muagututia Sefuiva, Sun, Guangyun, Cheng, Hong, Deka, Ranjan, Mcgarvey, Stephen T.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2014
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects
Adiposity
Adult
Cholesterol
Diabetes
Environment
Female
Genetic Variation
Genome-Wide Association Study
Genomes
Health risks
Humans
Hypertension
Hypertension - epidemiology
Hypertension - etiology
Independent State of Samoa - epidemiology
Male
Metabolic Diseases - epidemiology
Metabolic Diseases - etiology
Middle Aged
Obesity
Obesity - epidemiology
Obesity - etiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Urban areas
Variance analysis
Young Adult
Independent State of Samoa
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1042-0533
1520-6300
1520-6300
DOI10.1002/ajhb.22553

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Abstract ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity‐related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome‐wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits. Methods Anthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10‐year age group, gender, or by census region of residence. Results Obesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m2). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL‐cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL‐cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region. Conclusions The phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:491–501, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AbstractList To describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome-wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits. Anthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ(2) tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10-year age group, gender, or by census region of residence. Obesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m(2) ). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL-cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region. The phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa.
ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity‐related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome‐wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits. Methods Anthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10‐year age group, gender, or by census region of residence. Results Obesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m2). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL‐cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL‐cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region. Conclusions The phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:491–501, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
To describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome-wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits.OBJECTIVETo describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome-wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits.Anthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ(2) tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10-year age group, gender, or by census region of residence.METHODSAnthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ(2) tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10-year age group, gender, or by census region of residence.Obesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m(2) ). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL-cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region.RESULTSObesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m(2) ). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL-cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region.The phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa.CONCLUSIONSThe phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa.
Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part of a genome-wide assocation study (GWAS) for obesity related traits. Methods Anthropometric and biochemical data collected from n = 3,475 participants (n = 1,437 male; n = 2,038 female) aged 24.5 to <65 years were used to describe the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia within the study sample. One way analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and binary logistic regression were used to identify differences in disease and risk factor prevalence by 10-year age group, gender, or by census region of residence. Results Obesity was highly prevalent among the study sample; 64.6% of females and 41.2% of males were obese according to Polynesian cutoffs (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m2). Females were less likely than males to have hypertension (31.7% vs. 36.7%) but equally likely to have diabetes (17.8% vs. 16.4%). With the exception of obesity and low HDL-cholesterol in females only, there were significant differences in the prevalence of all NCDs and associated risk factors by age group, with the oldest age group (55 to <65 years) most affected. In both sexes, residents of the Apia Urban Area were at significantly greater risk of obesity, diabetes, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides than residents of the more rural Savaii region. Conclusions The phenotypic characteristics of this sample provide evidence of a continuation of previously reported temporal trends toward obesity and its associated disorders. Attention must be paid to the critical NCD situation in Samoa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:491-501, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author Mcgarvey, Stephen T.
Reupena, Muagututia Sefuiva
Cheng, Hong
Hawley, Nicola L.
Sun, Guangyun
Minster, Ryan L.
Weeks, Daniel E.
Viali, Satupaitea
Deka, Ranjan
AuthorAffiliation 3 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
6 Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Samoa
8 International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
7 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
4 Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2 The Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
1 Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
5 Ministry of Health, Government of Samoa, Samoa
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
– name: 3 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
– name: 4 Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
– name: 7 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
– name: 5 Ministry of Health, Government of Samoa, Samoa
– name: 8 International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
– name: 6 Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Samoa
– name: 2 The Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Nicola L.
  surname: Hawley
  fullname: Hawley, Nicola L.
  organization: Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ryan L.
  surname: Minster
  fullname: Minster, Ryan L.
  organization: Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Daniel E.
  surname: Weeks
  fullname: Weeks, Daniel E.
  organization: Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Satupaitea
  surname: Viali
  fullname: Viali, Satupaitea
  organization: Ministry of Health, Government of Samoa, Samoa
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  givenname: Muagututia Sefuiva
  surname: Reupena
  fullname: Reupena, Muagututia Sefuiva
  organization: Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Samoa
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Guangyun
  surname: Sun
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  surname: Cheng
  fullname: Cheng, Hong
  organization: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati
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  surname: Deka
  fullname: Deka, Ranjan
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– sequence: 9
  givenname: Stephen T.
  surname: Mcgarvey
  fullname: Mcgarvey, Stephen T.
  email: Stephen_McGarvey@brown.edu
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799123$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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DePue JD, Rosen RK, Seiden A, Bereolos N, Chima ML, Goldstein MG, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2013a. Implementation of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention with community health workers in American Samoa. Diabetes Educ 39:761-771.
DePue JD, Dunsiger S, Seiden AD, Blume J, Rosen RK, Goldstein MG, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2013b. Nurse-community health worker team improves diabetes care in American Samoa: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 36:1947-1953.
Keighley ED, McGarvey ST, Turituri P, Viali S. 2006. Farming and adiposity in Samoan adults. Am J Hum Biol 18:112-121.
Rosenberg NA, Huang L, Jewett EM, Szpiech ZA, Jankovic I, Boehnke M. 2010. Genome-wide association studies in diverse populations. Nat Rev Genet 11:356-366.
Karns R, Viali S, Tuitele J, Sun G, Cheng H, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Deka R. 2012. Common variants in FTO are not significantly associated with obesity-related phenotypes among Samoans of Polynesia. Ann Hum Genet 76:17-24.
Åberg K, Dai F, Keighley ED, Sun G, Indugula SR, Roberts ST, Smelser D, Viali S, Tuitele J, Jin L, Deka R, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2009a. Susceptibility loci for adiposity phenotypes on 8p, 9p, and 16q in American Samoa and Samoa. Obesity 17:518-524
Qi L, Cho YA. 2008. Gene-environment interaction and obesity. Nutr Rev 66:684-694.
Kristiansson K, Naukkarinen J, Peltonen L. 2008. Isolated populations and complex disease gene identification. Genome Biol 9:109-117.
Peterson JL, Young DS. 1968. Evaluation of the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method of determination of glucose in urine. Anal Biochem 23:301-316
American Diabetes Association. 2012. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 35:S64-S71.
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Yajnik CS, Janipalli CS, Bhaskar S, Kulkarni SR, Freathy RM, Prakash S, Mani KR, Weedon MN, Kale SD, Deshpande J, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Fall CHD, McCarthy MI, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, Chandak GR. 2009. FTO gene variants are strongly associated with Type 2 Diabetes but only weakly with obesity in South Asian Indians. Diabetologia 52: 247-252.
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Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Rocella EJ; The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. 2003. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42:1206-1252.
Ezeamama A, Viali S, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2006. The influence of socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the context of economic development in the Samoan archipelago. Soc Sci Med 63:2533-2545.
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Åberg K, Dai F, Viali S, Tuitele J, Sun G, Indugula SR, Deka E, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2009b. Suggestive linkage detected for blood pressure related traits on 2q and 22q in the population on the Samoan Islands. BMC Med Genet 10:107-116
Åberg K, Dai F, Sun G, Keighley ED, Indugula SR, Bausserman L, Viali S, Tuitle J, Deka R, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2008. A genome-wide linkage scan identifies multiple chromosomal regions influencing serum lipid levels in the population on the Samoan islands. J Lipid Res 49:2169-2178.
Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Gutierrez HR, Lu Y, Bahalim AN, Farzadfar F, Riley LM, Ezzati M on behalf of the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index). 2011. National, regional, and global trends in body mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet 377:557-567
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2007; 39
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References_xml – reference: Peltonen L, Palotie A, Lange K. 2000. Use of population isolates for mapping complex traits. Nat Rev Genet 1:182-190.
– reference: Åberg K, Dai F, Viali S, Tuitele J, Sun G, Indugula SR, Deka E, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2009b. Suggestive linkage detected for blood pressure related traits on 2q and 22q in the population on the Samoan Islands. BMC Med Genet 10:107-116
– reference: DePue JD, Rosen RK, Batts-Turner M, Bereolos N, House M, Held RF, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, Goldstein MG, McGarvey ST. 2010. Cultural translation of interventions: diabetes care in American Samoa. Am J Pub Health 100:2085-2093.
– reference: McGarvey ST. 2001. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Samoa and American Samoa, 1990-1995. Pac Health Dialog 8:157-162.
– reference: DePue JD, Dunsiger S, Seiden AD, Blume J, Rosen RK, Goldstein MG, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2013b. Nurse-community health worker team improves diabetes care in American Samoa: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 36:1947-1953.
– reference: Ezeamama A, Viali S, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2006. The influence of socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the context of economic development in the Samoan archipelago. Soc Sci Med 63:2533-2545.
– reference: Bouchard C. 2008. Gene-environment interactions in the etiology of obesity: defining the fundamentals. Obesity 16:S5-S10.
– reference: Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Rocella EJ; The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. 2003. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42:1206-1252.
– reference: Peterson JL, Young DS. 1968. Evaluation of the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method of determination of glucose in urine. Anal Biochem 23:301-316
– reference: Seiden A, Hawley N, Schulz D, Raifman S, McGarvey ST. 2012. Long-term trends in food availability, food prices, and obesity in Samoa. Am J Hum Biol 24: 286-295.
– reference: Ohashi J, Naka I, Kimura R, Natsuhara K, Yamauchi T, Furusawa T, Nakazawa, M, Ataka Y, Patarapotikul J, Nuchnoi P, Tokunaga K, Ishida T, Inaoka T, Matsumura Y, Ohtsuka R. 2007. FTO polymorphisms in oceanic populations. J Hum Genet 52: 1031-1035.
– reference: Yajnik CS, Janipalli CS, Bhaskar S, Kulkarni SR, Freathy RM, Prakash S, Mani KR, Weedon MN, Kale SD, Deshpande J, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Fall CHD, McCarthy MI, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, Chandak GR. 2009. FTO gene variants are strongly associated with Type 2 Diabetes but only weakly with obesity in South Asian Indians. Diabetologia 52: 247-252.
– reference: DePue JD, Rosen RK, Seiden A, Bereolos N, Chima ML, Goldstein MG, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, McGarvey ST. 2013a. Implementation of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention with community health workers in American Samoa. Diabetes Educ 39:761-771.
– reference: McGarvey ST, Bausserman L, Viali S, Tufa J. 2005. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Samoans. Am J Phys Anthropol 40:S14-S15.
– reference: World Health Organization. 2011. Country Health Information Profiles: Samoa. Available at http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/wsm/29SMApro 2011_finaldraft.pdf. Accessed December 2013.
– reference: McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Cardon LR, Goldstein DB, Little J, Ioannidis JPA, Hirshhorn JN. 2008. Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 9:356-369.
– reference: Rosenberg NA, Huang L, Jewett EM, Szpiech ZA, Jankovic I, Boehnke M. 2010. Genome-wide association studies in diverse populations. Nat Rev Genet 11:356-366.
– reference: Hamid S, Dunsiger S, Seiden AD, Nu'usolia O, Tuitele J, DePue JD, McGarvey ST. 2013. Impact of a diabetes control and management intervention on healthcare utilization in American Samoa. Chronic Illn. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1177/1742395313502367.
– reference: Qi L, Cho YA. 2008. Gene-environment interaction and obesity. Nutr Rev 66:684-694.
– reference: Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray KK, Thompson A, Wood AM, Lewington S, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Collins R, Thompson SG, Danesh J; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. 2009. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302:1993-2000.
– reference: DiBello JR, McGarvey ST, Kraft P, Goldberg R, Campos H, Quested C, Laumoli TS, Baylin A. 2009. Dietary patterns are associated with metabolic syndrome in Adult Samoans. J Nutr 139:1933-1943.
– reference: Åberg K, Dai F, Sun G, Keighley ED, Indugula SR, Bausserman L, Viali S, Tuitle J, Deka R, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2008. A genome-wide linkage scan identifies multiple chromosomal regions influencing serum lipid levels in the population on the Samoan islands. J Lipid Res 49:2169-2178.
– reference: Dina C, Meyre D, Gallina S, Durand E, Körner A, Jacobson P, Carlsson LMS, Kiess W, Vatin V, Lecoeur C, Delplanque J, Vaillant E, Pattou F, Ruiz J, Weill J, Levy-Marchal C, Horber F, Potoczna N, Hercberg S, Le Stunff C, Bougnères P, Kovacs P, Marre M, Balkau B, Cauchi S, Chèvre J, Froguel P. 2007. Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity. Nat Genet 39:724-726.
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– reference: Baylin A, Deka R, Tuitele J, Viali S, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2012. INSIG2 variants, dietary patterns and metabolic risk in Samoa. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:101-107.
– reference: United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2009. Human Development Report 2009. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
– reference: World Health Organization. 2013. Global Database on BMI. Available at http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp. Accessed December 2013.
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– reference: Kristiansson K, Naukkarinen J, Peltonen L. 2008. Isolated populations and complex disease gene identification. Genome Biol 9:109-117.
– reference: Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Gutierrez HR, Lu Y, Bahalim AN, Farzadfar F, Riley LM, Ezzati M on behalf of the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index). 2011. National, regional, and global trends in body mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet 377:557-567
– reference: American Diabetes Association. 2012. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 35:S64-S71.
– reference: World Health Organization. 2009. Samoa STEPS Survey Factsheet. Available at http://www.who.int/chp/steps/2002_Samoa_FactSheet.pdf. Accessed December 2013.
– reference: Åberg K, Dai F, Keighley ED, Sun G, Indugula SR, Roberts ST, Smelser D, Viali S, Tuitele J, Jin L, Deka R, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. 2009a. Susceptibility loci for adiposity phenotypes on 8p, 9p, and 16q in American Samoa and Samoa. Obesity 17:518-524
– reference: Keighley ED, McGarvey ST, Turituri P, Viali S. 2006. Farming and adiposity in Samoan adults. Am J Hum Biol 18:112-121.
– reference: Kannel WB, McGee DL. 1979. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham study. Circulation 59:8-13.
– reference: Karns R, Viali S, Tuitele J, Sun G, Cheng H, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Deka R. 2012. Common variants in FTO are not significantly associated with obesity-related phenotypes among Samoans of Polynesia. Ann Hum Genet 76:17-24.
– reference: Aulchenko YS, Ripke S, Isaacs A, van Duijn CM. 2007. GenABEL: an R library for genome-wide association analysis. Bioinformatics 23:1294-1296.
– reference: Swinburn BA, Ley SJ, Carmichael HE, Plank LD. 1999. Body size and composition in Polynesians. Int J Obes 23:1178-1183.
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Snippet ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity‐related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults...
To describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in 2010 as part...
Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and associated risk factors in a sample of Samoan adults studied in...
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StartPage 491
SubjectTerms Adiposity
Adult
Cholesterol
Diabetes
Environment
Female
Genetic Variation
Genome-Wide Association Study
Genomes
Health risks
Humans
Hypertension
Hypertension - epidemiology
Hypertension - etiology
Independent State of Samoa - epidemiology
Male
Metabolic Diseases - epidemiology
Metabolic Diseases - etiology
Middle Aged
Obesity
Obesity - epidemiology
Obesity - etiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
Urban areas
Variance analysis
Young Adult
Title Prevalence of adiposity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors in the samoan genome-wide association study
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-M1FBPCT8-B/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fajhb.22553
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799123
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1531971056
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1534098063
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4292846
Volume 26
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