Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Synergistic Interactions to Counteract the Negative Effects of Saline Soil on Agriculture: Key Macromolecules and Mechanisms

Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms associated with plants contribute to their growth promotion and salinity tolerance by employing a multitude of macromolecules and pathways. Plan...

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Published inMicroorganisms (Basel) Vol. 9; no. 7; p. 1491
Main Authors Sagar, Alka, Rathore, Parikshita, Ramteke, Pramod W., Ramakrishna, Wusirika, Reddy, Munagala S., Pecoraro, Lorenzo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 13.07.2021
MDPI
Subjects
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
Abiotic stress
ACC deaminase
Agribusiness
Agricultural production
Agriculture
Amino acids
Ammonia
Arbuscular mycorrhizas
bacteria
Cell division
cost effectiveness
Crop yield
Crops
decline
Economics
Enzymes
ethylene production
Fungi
Gene expression
Germination
green agriculture
growth promotion
Harvesting
Inoculation
Macromolecules
Microorganisms
Nitrogen
Nutrient uptake
Nutrients
Pesticides
Physiology
Plant growth
Profitability
Review
rhizosphere bacteria
Saline soils
Salinity
Salinity effects
Salinity tolerance
Salt
salt stress
salt tolerance
Saltiness
Soil microorganisms
soil quality
Sustainable agriculture
vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI10.3390/microorganisms9071491

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Abstract Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms associated with plants contribute to their growth promotion and salinity tolerance by employing a multitude of macromolecules and pathways. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have an immediate impact on improving profitability based on higher crop yield. Some PGPR produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase (EC 4.1.99.4), which controls ethylene production by diverting ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. ACC deaminase enhances germination rate and growth parameters of root and shoot in different harvests with and without salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) show a symbiotic relationship with plants, which helps in efficient uptake of mineral nutrients and water by the plants and also provide protection to the plants against pathogens and various abiotic stresses. The dual inoculation of PGPR and AMF enhances nutrient uptake and productivity of several crops compared to a single inoculation in both normal and stressed environments. Positively interacting PGPR + AMF combination is an efficient and cost-effective recipe for improving plant tolerance against salinity stress, which can be an extremely useful approach for sustainable agriculture.
AbstractList Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms associated with plants contribute to their growth promotion and salinity tolerance by employing a multitude of macromolecules and pathways. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have an immediate impact on improving profitability based on higher crop yield. Some PGPR produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase (EC 4.1.99.4), which controls ethylene production by diverting ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. ACC deaminase enhances germination rate and growth parameters of root and shoot in different harvests with and without salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) show a symbiotic relationship with plants, which helps in efficient uptake of mineral nutrients and water by the plants and also provide protection to the plants against pathogens and various abiotic stresses. The dual inoculation of PGPR and AMF enhances nutrient uptake and productivity of several crops compared to a single inoculation in both normal and stressed environments. Positively interacting PGPR + AMF combination is an efficient and cost-effective recipe for improving plant tolerance against salinity stress, which can be an extremely useful approach for sustainable agriculture.
Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms associated with plants contribute to their growth promotion and salinity tolerance by employing a multitude of macromolecules and pathways. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have an immediate impact on improving profitability based on higher crop yield. Some PGPR produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase (EC 4.1.99.4), which controls ethylene production by diverting ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. ACC deaminase enhances germination rate and growth parameters of root and shoot in different harvests with and without salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) show a symbiotic relationship with plants, which helps in efficient uptake of mineral nutrients and water by the plants and also provide protection to the plants against pathogens and various abiotic stresses. The dual inoculation of PGPR and AMF enhances nutrient uptake and productivity of several crops compared to a single inoculation in both normal and stressed environments. Positively interacting PGPR + AMF combination is an efficient and cost-effective recipe for improving plant tolerance against salinity stress, which can be an extremely useful approach for sustainable agriculture.Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms associated with plants contribute to their growth promotion and salinity tolerance by employing a multitude of macromolecules and pathways. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have an immediate impact on improving profitability based on higher crop yield. Some PGPR produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase (EC 4.1.99.4), which controls ethylene production by diverting ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. ACC deaminase enhances germination rate and growth parameters of root and shoot in different harvests with and without salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) show a symbiotic relationship with plants, which helps in efficient uptake of mineral nutrients and water by the plants and also provide protection to the plants against pathogens and various abiotic stresses. The dual inoculation of PGPR and AMF enhances nutrient uptake and productivity of several crops compared to a single inoculation in both normal and stressed environments. Positively interacting PGPR + AMF combination is an efficient and cost-effective recipe for improving plant tolerance against salinity stress, which can be an extremely useful approach for sustainable agriculture.
Author Reddy, Munagala S.
Ramteke, Pramod W.
Ramakrishna, Wusirika
Rathore, Parikshita
Pecoraro, Lorenzo
Sagar, Alka
AuthorAffiliation 3 Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India
2 Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; pari.rathore1@gmail.com
5 School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
1 Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India; alka2011sagar@gmail.com or
4 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; prof.m.s.reddy@gmail.com
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; prof.m.s.reddy@gmail.com
– name: 3 Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India
– name: 5 School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
– name: 1 Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India; alka2011sagar@gmail.com or
– name: 2 Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; pari.rathore1@gmail.com
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  surname: Sagar
  fullname: Sagar, Alka
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  fullname: Rathore, Parikshita
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  fullname: Ramteke, Pramod W.
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-8571-5827
  surname: Ramakrishna
  fullname: Ramakrishna, Wusirika
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  fullname: Reddy, Munagala S.
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-3234-4698
  surname: Pecoraro
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Snippet Soil saltiness is a noteworthy issue as it results in loss of profitability and development of agrarian harvests and decline in soil health. Microorganisms...
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SubjectTerms 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
Abiotic stress
ACC deaminase
Agribusiness
Agricultural production
Agriculture
Amino acids
Ammonia
Arbuscular mycorrhizas
bacteria
Cell division
cost effectiveness
Crop yield
Crops
decline
Economics
Enzymes
ethylene production
Fungi
Gene expression
Germination
green agriculture
growth promotion
Harvesting
Inoculation
Macromolecules
Microorganisms
Nitrogen
Nutrient uptake
Nutrients
Pesticides
Physiology
Plant growth
Profitability
Review
rhizosphere bacteria
Saline soils
Salinity
Salinity effects
Salinity tolerance
Salt
salt stress
salt tolerance
Saltiness
Soil microorganisms
soil quality
Sustainable agriculture
vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
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Title Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Synergistic Interactions to Counteract the Negative Effects of Saline Soil on Agriculture: Key Macromolecules and Mechanisms
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Volume 9
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