Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred

Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (obser...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of clinical epidemiology Vol. 59; no. 10; pp. 1092 - 1101
Main Authors Moons, Karel G.M., Donders, Rogier A.R.T., Stijnen, Theo, Harrell, Frank E.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2006
Elsevier Limited
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0895-4356
1878-5921
DOI10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009

Cover

Abstract Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (observed) variables, missing at random (MAR). Multiple imputation (MI) of missing predictor values using all observed information including outcome is advocated to deal with selective missing values. This seems a self-fulfilling prophecy. We tested this hypothesis using data from a study on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We selected five predictors of pulmonary embolism without missing values. Their regression coefficients and standard errors (SEs) estimated from the original sample were considered as “true” values. We assigned missing values to these predictors—both MCAR and MAR—and repeated this 1,000 times using simulations. Per simulation we multiple imputed the missing values without and with the outcome, and compared the regression coefficients and SEs to the truth. Regression coefficients based on MI including outcome were close to the truth. MI without outcome yielded very biased—underestimated—coefficients. SEs and coverage of the 90% confidence intervals were not different between MI with and without outcome. Results were the same for MCAR and MAR. For all types of missing values, imputation of missing predictor values using the outcome is preferred over imputation without outcome and is no self-fulfilling prophecy.
AbstractList Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (observed) variables, missing at random (MAR). Multiple imputation (MI) of missing predictor values using all observed information including outcome is advocated to deal with selective missing values. This seems a self-fulfilling prophecy.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEEpidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (observed) variables, missing at random (MAR). Multiple imputation (MI) of missing predictor values using all observed information including outcome is advocated to deal with selective missing values. This seems a self-fulfilling prophecy.We tested this hypothesis using data from a study on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We selected five predictors of pulmonary embolism without missing values. Their regression coefficients and standard errors (SEs) estimated from the original sample were considered as "true" values. We assigned missing values to these predictors--both MCAR and MAR--and repeated this 1,000 times using simulations. Per simulation we multiple imputed the missing values without and with the outcome, and compared the regression coefficients and SEs to the truth.METHODSWe tested this hypothesis using data from a study on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We selected five predictors of pulmonary embolism without missing values. Their regression coefficients and standard errors (SEs) estimated from the original sample were considered as "true" values. We assigned missing values to these predictors--both MCAR and MAR--and repeated this 1,000 times using simulations. Per simulation we multiple imputed the missing values without and with the outcome, and compared the regression coefficients and SEs to the truth.Regression coefficients based on MI including outcome were close to the truth. MI without outcome yielded very biased--underestimated--coefficients. SEs and coverage of the 90% confidence intervals were not different between MI with and without outcome. Results were the same for MCAR and MAR.RESULTSRegression coefficients based on MI including outcome were close to the truth. MI without outcome yielded very biased--underestimated--coefficients. SEs and coverage of the 90% confidence intervals were not different between MI with and without outcome. Results were the same for MCAR and MAR.For all types of missing values, imputation of missing predictor values using the outcome is preferred over imputation without outcome and is no self-fulfilling prophecy.CONCLUSIONFor all types of missing values, imputation of missing predictor values using the outcome is preferred over imputation without outcome and is no self-fulfilling prophecy.
Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (observed) variables, missing at random (MAR). Multiple imputation (MI) of missing predictor values using all observed information including outcome is advocated to deal with selective missing values. This seems a self-fulfilling prophecy. We tested this hypothesis using data from a study on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We selected five predictors of pulmonary embolism without missing values. Their regression coefficients and standard errors (SEs) estimated from the original sample were considered as “true” values. We assigned missing values to these predictors—both MCAR and MAR—and repeated this 1,000 times using simulations. Per simulation we multiple imputed the missing values without and with the outcome, and compared the regression coefficients and SEs to the truth. Regression coefficients based on MI including outcome were close to the truth. MI without outcome yielded very biased—underestimated—coefficients. SEs and coverage of the 90% confidence intervals were not different between MI with and without outcome. Results were the same for MCAR and MAR. For all types of missing values, imputation of missing predictor values using the outcome is preferred over imputation without outcome and is no self-fulfilling prophecy.
Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing values. This commonly causes bias because missing values seldom occur completely at random (MCAR) but rather selectively based on other (observed) variables, missing at random (MAR). Multiple imputation (MI) of missing predictor values using all observed information including outcome is advocated to deal with selective missing values. This seems a self-fulfilling prophecy. We tested this hypothesis using data from a study on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. We selected five predictors of pulmonary embolism without missing values. Their regression coefficients and standard errors (SEs) estimated from the original sample were considered as "true" values. We assigned missing values to these predictors--both MCAR and MAR--and repeated this 1,000 times using simulations. Per simulation we multiple imputed the missing values without and with the outcome, and compared the regression coefficients and SEs to the truth. Regression coefficients based on MI including outcome were close to the truth. MI without outcome yielded very biased--underestimated--coefficients. SEs and coverage of the 90% confidence intervals were not different between MI with and without outcome. Results were the same for MCAR and MAR. For all types of missing values, imputation of missing predictor values using the outcome is preferred over imputation without outcome and is no self-fulfilling prophecy.
Author Harrell, Frank E.
Donders, Rogier A.R.T.
Stijnen, Theo
Moons, Karel G.M.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Karel G.M.
  surname: Moons
  fullname: Moons, Karel G.M.
  email: K.G.M.Moons@umcutrecht.nl
  organization: Julius Center for Health Sciences and General Practice, University Medical Center, Utrecht, P.O. Box 80035, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Rogier A.R.T.
  surname: Donders
  fullname: Donders, Rogier A.R.T.
  organization: Julius Center for Health Sciences and General Practice, University Medical Center, Utrecht, P.O. Box 80035, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Theo
  surname: Stijnen
  fullname: Stijnen, Theo
  organization: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Frank E.
  surname: Harrell
  fullname: Harrell, Frank E.
  organization: Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, S-2323 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2158, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980150$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqNkUtv1TAQhS1URG8Lf6GKhMQuYRzHj0gIUVU8VYkNXVuOMwaHJA52UtR_jy-3ZXE3ZWXJ853j4zln5GQOMxJyQaGiQMXroRrs6GdcfFUDiApoBdA-ITuqpCp5W9MTsgPV8rJhXJySs5QGACpB8mfklIpWAeWwI19ukp-_F-sPLMK22jBh4UIs_LRsq1l9mIvgismnv9QSsfd2zfNbM26Yit8m7S8dxjx5Tp46MyZ8cX-ek5sP779dfSqvv378fHV5XVpO-VpKxzuoOwHWMKcaiX0tpLMceY8Wmeg4U841rnO2BStbYzko5VhjmcKuqdk5eXXwXWL4lVOsOuezOI5mxrAlLZQSVDUqgy-PwCFscc7ZNAXGqGJCykxd3FNbN2Gvl-gnE-_0w44y8OYA2BhSyr_V1h92s0bjx-yl95XoQT9UoveVaKA6V5Ll4kj-74XHhO8OQszLvPUYdbIeZ5s7iGhX3Qf_uMXbI4s95a0Zf-Ld_xj8AfLuv8I
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ctro_2020_05_001
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0052575
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2016_014467
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_placenta_2020_07_003
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13058_021_01410_1
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamadermatol_2020_4097
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijcard_2018_05_092
crossref_primary_10_1097_ALN_0000000000000108
crossref_primary_10_1002_bimj_201400004
crossref_primary_10_1002_jts_22766
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apmr_2011_08_036
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1360_0443_2012_03971_x
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_4016
crossref_primary_10_1111_pops_12376
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_9706
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpeds_2016_10_046
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2013_11_020
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8978
crossref_primary_10_2215_CJN_00200112
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajem_2020_12_066
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwt241
crossref_primary_10_1097_ADM_0000000000000920
crossref_primary_10_1177_03635465251322803
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0189111
crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_17809
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jid_2018_09_022
crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers13246279
crossref_primary_10_1002_mpr_329
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pain_2013_03_007
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtcvs_2018_12_109
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijcard_2012_07_002
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41440_024_01954_7
crossref_primary_10_1002_cpt_2128
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12884_016_1061_2
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0132321
crossref_primary_10_1111_ecc_13739
crossref_primary_10_3109_17453674_2013_862459
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamainternmed_2021_2051
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_015
crossref_primary_10_1145_3654920
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280217713032
crossref_primary_10_1111_trf_12346
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11136_017_1606_5
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12966_019_0770_0
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2021_056420
crossref_primary_10_1158_1078_0432_CCR_17_0176
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kws159
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_024_02319_x
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2019_00102
crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_121_034919
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10462_019_09709_4
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2016_013490
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10654_018_0447_z
crossref_primary_10_1038_bjc_2016_8
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1553_2712_2010_00883_x
crossref_primary_10_3109_13814788_2015_1109075
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physio_2017_01_003
crossref_primary_10_1097_HJH_0000000000001923
crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCULATIONAHA_118_036528
crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0b013e31824d5fd0
crossref_primary_10_2188_jea_JE20200034
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00330_018_5578_9
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00296_013_2886_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_joca_2012_03_003
crossref_primary_10_6000_1929_6029_2013_02_03_9
crossref_primary_10_1111_dom_15186
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2261_7_38
crossref_primary_10_3390_v15071574
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_sodo_2024_01_007
crossref_primary_10_1111_1471_0528_14170
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijmedinf_2022_104936
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pmed_1002194
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hlc_2016_06_1214
crossref_primary_10_1111_nep_14049
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0120116
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pain_2008_07_015
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40795_016_0114_2
crossref_primary_10_1177_10731911231225191
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_kint_2016_03_033
crossref_primary_10_1186_2196_0739_1_4
crossref_primary_10_1159_000502738
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280213492406
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2482_13_28
crossref_primary_10_1093_ehjqcco_qcae005
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_10_81
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1365_2796_2010_02274_x
crossref_primary_10_1111_1471_0528_14177
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13063_020_04869_z
crossref_primary_10_3899_jrheum_150724
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr_21665
crossref_primary_10_1093_fampra_cmv039
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2017_06_010
crossref_primary_10_1097_IGC_0b013e3182332df8
crossref_primary_10_2337_dc17_0426
crossref_primary_10_1038_jid_2009_389
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2024_108209
crossref_primary_10_1093_icvts_ivy102
crossref_primary_10_1177_155698451601100104
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_surg_2020_09_037
crossref_primary_10_1097_TP_0b013e3182100f3a
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijrobp_2023_04_034
crossref_primary_10_1002_cam4_4249
crossref_primary_10_1177_2470547018803511
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2025_103141
crossref_primary_10_1111_josh_13138
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2369_14_47
crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2022_895148
crossref_primary_10_1198_000313007X172556
crossref_primary_10_18632_aging_101305
crossref_primary_10_1093_ntr_ntab046
crossref_primary_10_1161_HYPERTENSIONAHA_114_04658
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00467_018_3932_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_injury_2019_05_028
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_6590
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2014_08_006
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2011_11_012
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41366_018_0077_2
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamadermatol_2022_4975
crossref_primary_10_1093_biostatistics_kxy040
crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_13309
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2020_044028
crossref_primary_10_1093_jnci_djae310
crossref_primary_10_1302_0301_620X_95B5_30872
crossref_primary_10_3390_v16101556
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13040_016_0084_6
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2012_2643
crossref_primary_10_1111_bju_15269
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11739_024_03815_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2017_10_034
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_je_2016_05_001
crossref_primary_10_1097_MLR_0b013e318070c045
crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_9434_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brat_2020_103637
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecresq_2013_06_003
crossref_primary_10_1080_13607863_2024_2445136
crossref_primary_10_1111_ppe_12200
crossref_primary_10_5959_eimj_3_1_2011_or1
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_4067
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lanwpc_2021_100269
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygyno_2009_08_006
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280214523952
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2012_10_020
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2334_11_44
crossref_primary_10_1080_23737484_2022_2115430
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2013_12_031
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xkme_2021_08_013
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2012_10_003
crossref_primary_10_3310_hsdr03410
crossref_primary_10_1080_01621459_2011_643198
crossref_primary_10_1002_bdr2_1140
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00432_018_2596_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbspin_2011_05_005
crossref_primary_10_1111_jrh_12668
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2020_044270
crossref_primary_10_1177_1751143720913417
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2012_0574
crossref_primary_10_1002_jee_20317
crossref_primary_10_1016_S2352_3026_19_30085_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbi_2023_104295
crossref_primary_10_1080_15389588_2019_1630825
crossref_primary_10_22237_jmasm_1608552120
crossref_primary_10_5023_jappstat_46_67
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2018_05_002
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2025_0354
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_13_28
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_020_4875_5
crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_18087
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_01191_6
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_020_00083_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_canep_2011_08_005
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr_20263
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2022_119296
crossref_primary_10_1093_heapol_czs077
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00432_020_03286_8
crossref_primary_10_1002_bimj_201400034
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13075_015_0630_5
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_14_116
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lanwpc_2021_100365
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2021_051910
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00384_018_3109_4
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr2_11524
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cgh_2015_07_010
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwt076
crossref_primary_10_1080_10503307_2020_1823029
crossref_primary_10_1192_bjp_2024_101
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejso_2018_01_225
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2017_021068
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmph_2023_101459
crossref_primary_10_1038_pr_2017_216
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_joca_2023_09_007
crossref_primary_10_17816_DD110794
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resuscitation_2020_01_036
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18073767
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloepi_2023_100099
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13052_023_01512_w
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12885_019_5477_8
crossref_primary_10_1161_HYPERTENSIONAHA_114_04850
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugalcdep_2024_111266
crossref_primary_10_1177_0193841X211020245
crossref_primary_10_1002_path_2976
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2013_05_016
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2019_10_004
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00223_016_0230_7
crossref_primary_10_1213_ane_0b013e318193c423
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_schres_2024_09_010
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0153787
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2009_08_028
crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_abq5095
crossref_primary_10_1111_add_15835
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_soard_2022_02_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajodo_2022_08_004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cllc_2023_02_007
crossref_primary_10_1080_10618600_2021_1999824
crossref_primary_10_1111_obr_12374
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40264_015_0292_x
crossref_primary_10_1061__ASCE_IS_1943_555X_0000452
crossref_primary_10_1002_cncr_34141
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_schres_2015_03_034
crossref_primary_10_1061__ASCE_IS_1943_555X_0000572
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0058707
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_3458
crossref_primary_10_1245_s10434_015_4535_y
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamaneurol_2023_3400
crossref_primary_10_7326_M18_1377
crossref_primary_10_15690_vsp_v22i2_2557
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwae169
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_116704
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_38731_4
crossref_primary_10_2215_CJN_10761012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cgh_2021_03_037
crossref_primary_10_1093_fampra_cmv097
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12916_016_0684_5
crossref_primary_10_1002_cncr_25658
crossref_primary_10_1080_10543406_2023_2220398
crossref_primary_10_7326_M21_3668
crossref_primary_10_1002_ijc_33620
crossref_primary_10_1097_CCM_0000000000001567
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_4314
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40001_024_01651_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajog_2012_09_006
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_017_0372_y
crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_5024
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bja_2024_10_039
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1399_6576_2011_02609_x
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12891_023_06234_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_radonc_2020_04_012
crossref_primary_10_1111_jth_15251
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10865_021_00272_4
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gfy387
crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X09340579
crossref_primary_10_1097_MEG_0b013e32835d4ddd
crossref_primary_10_3399_bjgp12X616355
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2018_3075
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0201945
crossref_primary_10_3389_fvets_2019_00049
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00431_023_05033_w
crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyaa120
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_5899
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_msksp_2023_102830
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0828_282X_09_70507_0
crossref_primary_10_1089_neu_2020_7218
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280214556794
crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyr086
crossref_primary_10_1093_biostatistics_kxw009
crossref_primary_10_1080_13607863_2020_1830945
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_5894
crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevPhysEducRes_17_010109
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2016_015492
crossref_primary_10_1111_dme_15170
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40140_016_0171_8
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13054_018_2215_6
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_ajkd_2023_03_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knee_2023_03_012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejso_2020_03_002
crossref_primary_10_1186_bcr3061
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_math_2010_01_005
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_021_00095_6
crossref_primary_10_1097_BRS_0b013e3181d85ad5
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2012_002152
crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm10132789
crossref_primary_10_1097_imi_0000000000000236
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_urolonc_2018_02_016
crossref_primary_10_3390_polym16010115
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arthro_2021_12_012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijmedinf_2020_104160
crossref_primary_10_1177_23259671241282316
crossref_primary_10_1155_2013_875234
crossref_primary_10_1080_02699052_2019_1565899
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_jrn_2023_01_011
crossref_primary_10_1080_03610918_2020_1853164
crossref_primary_10_1080_00918369_2022_2160941
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8704
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2012_05_013
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jstrokecerebrovasdis_2020_105341
crossref_primary_10_1097_HJH_0b013e3283622ea0
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph16050824
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2013_02_034
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjmed_2023_000799
crossref_primary_10_1177_1741826711417341
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2020_596173
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_967082
crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980018003063
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_33829_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloepi_2020_100018
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00586_016_4423_6
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_016_0281_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_artmed_2021_102051
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41366_019_0344_x
crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_87
crossref_primary_10_3171_2017_7_PEDS17133
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00167_022_07117_w
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2020_00860
crossref_primary_10_1097_CCM_0000000000003822
crossref_primary_10_1111_ajt_14678
crossref_primary_10_1080_10503307_2020_1747657
crossref_primary_10_1089_jwh_2021_0079
crossref_primary_10_1158_1078_0432_CCR_17_0489
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_016_0239_7
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280212445945
crossref_primary_10_1212_WNL_0000000000209222
crossref_primary_10_1061__ASCE_WR_1943_5452_0001514
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_017_0404_7
crossref_primary_10_3399_bjgp20X714137
crossref_primary_10_1302_0301_620X_96B2_32625
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_14_75
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10995_020_02945_z
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0104254
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0140662
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00432_021_03557_y
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12439_015_0128_2
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_020_00088_x
crossref_primary_10_2106_JBJS_K_01363
crossref_primary_10_1002_jrsm_1660
crossref_primary_10_4103_sjhs_sjhs_95_22
crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyr163
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0258723
crossref_primary_10_1373_clinchem_2008_115345
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_022_03986_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2021_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2393_7_13
crossref_primary_10_1177_09622802231165001
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_4124
crossref_primary_10_1210_clinem_dgae598
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2023_15064
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_954896
crossref_primary_10_1016_S1473_3099_15_00070_5
crossref_primary_10_1057_jors_2009_66
crossref_primary_10_1136_heartjnl_2013_304783
crossref_primary_10_1159_000530019
crossref_primary_10_1007_BF03085697
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2022_064517
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2024_103240
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajhb_22993
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_16912_x
crossref_primary_10_1038_bjc_2013_118
crossref_primary_10_1161_HYPERTENSIONAHA_111_00930
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00394_017_1458_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2022_10_017
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gfab307
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gfaa216
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_024_00165_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpain_2023_07_029
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41416_023_02209_x
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_019_0602_x
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280217726800
crossref_primary_10_1111_jth_14900
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pmed_1001744
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10461_024_04343_w
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1423_0410_2010_01382_x
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_960997
crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_3228
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apmr_2019_04_018
crossref_primary_10_1161_SVIN_122_000733
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12982_017_0062_6
crossref_primary_10_1097_MLR_0b013e318244d294
crossref_primary_10_1038_sj_bjc_6606078
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamapediatrics_2019_6324
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_3618
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12170_010_0153_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbi_2019_103255
crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_118_023117
crossref_primary_10_4187_respcare_07999
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_99640_y
crossref_primary_10_1177_23969873211067662
crossref_primary_10_1177_23259671211053326
crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_5633
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41366_018_0118_x
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2021_593710
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40618_022_01979_0
crossref_primary_10_1177_20503121231153508
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0185560
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwz247
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jstrokecerebrovasdis_2022_106906
crossref_primary_10_1111_ajt_13262
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41430_017_0075_9
crossref_primary_10_1097_HJH_0000000000001003
crossref_primary_10_1249_MSS_0000000000000816
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2009_03_017
crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbab055
crossref_primary_10_1373_clinchem_2016_261172
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_kint_2020_07_035
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12887_019_1659_4
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0197665
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2009_06_045
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lana_2021_100173
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1360_0443_2011_03662_x
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11606_024_09291_8
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13063_019_4000_5
crossref_primary_10_1080_02664763_2017_1284184
crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_3248
crossref_primary_10_1093_jnci_djy023
crossref_primary_10_1177_00220345221129807
crossref_primary_10_1590_S1415_790X2010000400005
crossref_primary_10_1002_bimj_202100045
crossref_primary_10_5691_jjb_45_287
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_5818
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jval_2011_05_049
crossref_primary_10_7326_M14_0698
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jrurstud_2020_08_055
crossref_primary_10_3310_pgfar05040
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjsem_2016_000153
crossref_primary_10_1177_09622802241304112
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_022_00128_8
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_5935
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_is_2023_102268
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jadohealth_2022_06_006
crossref_primary_10_1177_03635465221124258
crossref_primary_10_3389_fped_2022_856159
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_023_02367_9
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gft533
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmph_2022_101235
crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyx221
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr2_11174
crossref_primary_10_1111_1756_185X_14203
crossref_primary_10_1289_ehp_1510067
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12882_019_1439_2
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00268_023_07146_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_kint_2018_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1093_schizbullopen_sgad008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejogrb_2019_01_027
crossref_primary_10_2522_ptj_20150649
crossref_primary_10_3399_bjgp12X636074
crossref_primary_10_1186_1472_684X_13_10
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jdiacomp_2016_05_024
crossref_primary_10_1093_infdis_jiw213
crossref_primary_10_1111_jan_13712
crossref_primary_10_1111_jsr_12327
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00125_013_2898_9
crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_118_024512
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_12_180
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00167_023_07497_7
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_019_7220_4
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_171119
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11069_017_2863_x
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2013_06_090
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2014_05_014
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwab136
crossref_primary_10_1001_jama_2022_11390
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_74962_5
crossref_primary_10_1681_ASN_2020030349
crossref_primary_10_1097_CCM_0b013e31829e53f5
crossref_primary_10_1111_apa_12407
crossref_primary_10_3390_insects16010064
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jdiacomp_2016_05_010
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_4503
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e19490
crossref_primary_10_1515_jci_2019_0024
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2021_111094
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmpt_2014_10_002
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0036582
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmpt_2014_10_001
crossref_primary_10_3899_jrheum_210332
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0126400
crossref_primary_10_1002_pds_5433
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12603_022_1762_3
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwr302
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_3410
crossref_primary_10_3310_hta22050
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2013_07_030
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0180033
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu11081796
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_urolonc_2017_08_022
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41531_025_00888_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2015_09_012
crossref_primary_10_1159_000371410
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2017_01_042
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_echo_2012_02_003
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_01337
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jagp_2023_08_014
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13049_017_0399_4
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr_24070
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpainsymman_2014_08_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diabet_2020_09_005
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajhb_22963
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gfac341
crossref_primary_10_2215_CJN_05700611
crossref_primary_10_1016_S2665_9913_24_00128_0
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2018_021808
crossref_primary_10_1111_acem_14651
crossref_primary_10_1080_13607863_2019_1571012
crossref_primary_10_1200_CCI_24_00078
crossref_primary_10_1136_jmg_2023_109717
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2016_09_014
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_6944
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2023_107912
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11914_012_0108_1
crossref_primary_10_1097_PCC_0000000000002835
crossref_primary_10_1111_kykl_12336
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2015_09_005
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0020104
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2014_006821
crossref_primary_10_1177_03635465231168139
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envpol_2020_114444
crossref_primary_10_1111_1468_0009_12497
crossref_primary_10_1093_ije_dyp309
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijer_2017_10_010
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2019_02_016
crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000000840
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asmr_2021_10_013
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2013_05_015
crossref_primary_10_1177_1536867X1401400410
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwz186
crossref_primary_10_2215_CJN_08350910
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0230955
crossref_primary_10_1590_S0102_311X2009000200005
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00586_018_5490_7
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41366_021_00864_9
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2019_15628
crossref_primary_10_1158_1055_9965_EPI_12_0674
crossref_primary_10_1200_JOP_2014_001397
crossref_primary_10_1093_ejcts_ezad301
crossref_primary_10_1111_ruso_12326
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0166192
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2009_12_008
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12603_016_0797_8
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13643_015_0134_z
crossref_primary_10_1093_humupd_dmq060
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijporl_2016_01_037
crossref_primary_10_21307_stattrans_2019_033
crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1553_2712_2007_tb01856_x
crossref_primary_10_1093_ckj_sfz192
crossref_primary_10_1038_bjc_2012_167
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2018_08_054
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2019_11154
crossref_primary_10_14423_SMJ_0000000000000989
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40359_020_00470_w
crossref_primary_10_4236_ojs_2023_133017
crossref_primary_10_1093_humrep_des281
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0274402
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2016_07_004
crossref_primary_10_1210_clinem_dgab546
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwq260
crossref_primary_10_3390_metabo10120486
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cgh_2014_11_019
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2016_06_003
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amjcard_2013_12_009
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2020_100351
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_7012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2020_102420
crossref_primary_10_1002_gps_4416
crossref_primary_10_1093_eurpub_cky170
crossref_primary_10_1177_2168479015601721
crossref_primary_10_1245_s10434_018_07128_3
crossref_primary_10_3899_jrheum_171385
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8468
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwq137
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192214825
crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000003835
crossref_primary_10_1136_lupus_2019_000348
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12893_022_01734_5
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2020_03_004
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8581
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280219881168
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_024_00183_3
crossref_primary_10_1136_bjsports_2014_093557
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2016_013510
crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCOUTCOMES_121_008180
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamapsychiatry_2020_0175
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annemergmed_2020_05_035
crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000002615
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10654_020_00708_2
crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000000799
crossref_primary_10_1093_pm_pnaa052
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2016_014607
crossref_primary_10_1097_PSY_0000000000000220
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2008_10_010
crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCULATIONAHA_109_901413
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2024_108437
crossref_primary_10_1002_psp4_12740
crossref_primary_10_5551_jat_3269
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_8355
crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X12439755
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amjcard_2010_01_344
crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2019_00253
crossref_primary_10_1002_oby_21267
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prevetmed_2016_04_003
crossref_primary_10_1002_ab_21865
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00180_024_01518_w
crossref_primary_10_1111_bjd_18703
crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_117_006400
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_radonc_2016_02_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2020_113527
crossref_primary_10_1038_bjc_2012_266
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0228849
crossref_primary_10_1111_ppe_12948
crossref_primary_10_1097_AOG_0000000000003354
crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_109_567743
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2020_106002
crossref_primary_10_1002_gps_4567
crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_12358
crossref_primary_10_1038_srep23907
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12916_023_03038_8
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0254720
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2016_12_019
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13054_016_1541_9
crossref_primary_10_3310_ZXHI9396
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_39282_y
crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0b013e31828c4a44
crossref_primary_10_1108_TC_06_2015_0019
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejogrb_2014_10_023
crossref_primary_10_1080_00949655_2020_1849217
crossref_primary_10_1080_15299716_2020_1839994
crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2288_13_144
crossref_primary_10_1080_10826084_2022_2125268
crossref_primary_10_2337_dc17_2443
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2013_003092
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13054_024_05021_y
crossref_primary_10_4236_jep_2011_26079
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2015_10_001
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0126926
crossref_primary_10_3390_jpm12081230
crossref_primary_10_1177_0962280217715663
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2024_111915
crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0b013e318217866f
crossref_primary_10_1186_1742_7622_10_6
crossref_primary_10_1002_sim_7048
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ctro_2021_06_005
crossref_primary_10_1097_QAD_0000000000001573
crossref_primary_10_1111_acer_13583
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2016_06_015
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_020_01204_7
crossref_primary_10_3310_EQAB4594
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_06626_5
crossref_primary_10_1002_acr_20522
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0019675
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brachy_2016_01_004
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2011_3697
crossref_primary_10_1177_09622802241244608
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12911_023_02400_3
crossref_primary_10_1186_s41512_019_0060_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cct_2019_105920
crossref_primary_10_3109_02770903_2011_604887
crossref_primary_10_1111_ppe_12721
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_017_4233_8
crossref_primary_10_1111_jrh_12132
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_arth_2013_04_050
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12874_022_01693_8
crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwr028
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00277_022_04990_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_math_2015_06_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2022_08_016
crossref_primary_10_37737_ace_3_1_1
crossref_primary_10_1111_geb_13185
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_ajkd_2010_03_021
crossref_primary_10_1093_eurheartj_ehad417
crossref_primary_10_32465_ksocio_2016_26_3_006
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40471_018_0142_3
crossref_primary_10_1080_16549716_2019_1608013
crossref_primary_10_1097_ALN_0000000000000009
crossref_primary_10_1097_PSY_0000000000001114
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_preghy_2022_02_003
crossref_primary_10_1093_ndt_gft221
crossref_primary_10_1097_HJH_0000000000003108
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12966_017_0640_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2020_102993
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajem_2019_11_030
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2024_02_017
crossref_primary_10_2215_CJN_01290216
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejogrb_2023_01_014
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0264947
crossref_primary_10_1192_bjp_2021_207
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17020521
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2018_04_021
crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9121469
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_10603_4
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_022_03717_5
crossref_primary_10_1097_MLR_0000000000001063
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13054_023_04778_y
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12160_010_9231_3
crossref_primary_10_1093_humrep_der052
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17207643
crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_42627
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43856_024_00626_4
crossref_primary_10_1177_0890117119829676
crossref_primary_10_1111_jrh_12033
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajog_2010_01_052
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rhum_2011_05_024
crossref_primary_10_1111_biom_13372
crossref_primary_10_1093_brain_awr061
crossref_primary_10_1111_aphw_12618
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12882_021_02420_z
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2021_3136385
Cites_doi 10.2307/2683092
10.1191/096228099666230705
10.1002/sim.1149
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116164
10.2307/2290013
10.2307/2291635
10.1378/chest.108.1.170
10.1093/biomet/63.3.581
10.2307/2290910
10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00080-5
10.1007/BF00168880
10.1198/000313001317098266
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117592
10.1198/016214501750332866
10.1002/sim.4780070131
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970115)16:1<57::AID-SIM471>3.0.CO;2-S
10.7326/0003-4819-126-10-199705150-00005
10.1177/009286159903300324
10.2307/2289765
10.3109/10601339809048526
10.1016/0895-4356(94)00124-9
10.1097/00001648-199609000-00006
10.1002/sim.4780100410
10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
10.2307/2290664
10.1191/096228099671525676
10.1080/080352501750258649
10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00539-5
10.1097/00001648-199905000-00015
10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00433-4
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2006 Elsevier Inc.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2006 Elsevier Inc.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7QL
7QP
7RV
7T2
7T7
7TK
7U7
7U9
7X7
7XB
88C
88E
8AO
8C1
8FD
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AEUYN
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
C1K
CCPQU
DWQXO
FR3
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
H94
K9.
KB0
M0S
M0T
M1P
M2O
M7N
MBDVC
NAPCQ
P64
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
Q9U
7X8
DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Database
Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
Neurosciences Abstracts
Toxicology Abstracts
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Pharma Collection
Public Health Database
Technology Research Database
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Research Library
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest One Sustainability (subscription)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
Research Library Prep
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)
Healthcare Administration Database
Medical Database
ProQuest Research Library
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
Research Library (Corporate)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Central Essentials
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Sustainability
Health Research Premium Collection
Health & Medical Research Collection
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
Neurosciences Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Health Management (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Pharma Collection
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)
Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
ProQuest Research Library
Health & Safety Science Abstracts
ProQuest Public Health
ProQuest Central Basic
Toxicology Abstracts
ProQuest Health Management
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic

MEDLINE
Research Library Prep

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
EISSN 1878-5921
EndPage 1101
ExternalDocumentID 2734461881
16980150
10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_009
S0895435606000606
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
GroupedDBID ---
--K
--M
-~X
.1-
.55
.FO
.GJ
.~1
0R~
1B1
1P~
1RT
1~.
1~5
29K
4.4
457
4CK
4G.
53G
5GY
5RE
5VS
7-5
71M
7RV
7X7
88E
8AO
8C1
8FI
8FJ
8G5
8P~
9JM
9JO
AABNK
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAFJI
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AAQXK
AATTM
AAWTL
AAXKI
AAXUO
AAYJJ
AAYWO
ABBQC
ABFNM
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABLJU
ABMAC
ABMMH
ABMZM
ABOCM
ABUWG
ABWVN
ABXDB
ACDAQ
ACGFS
ACIEU
ACIUM
ACLOT
ACPRK
ACRLP
ACRPL
ACVFH
ADBBV
ADCNI
ADEZE
ADMUD
ADNMO
AEBSH
AEIPS
AEKER
AENEX
AEUPX
AEUYN
AEVXI
AFFNX
AFJKZ
AFKRA
AFPUW
AFRAH
AFRHN
AFTJW
AFXIZ
AGHFR
AGQPQ
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AHHHB
AHMBA
AIEXJ
AIGII
AIIUN
AIKHN
AITUG
AJRQY
AJUYK
AKBMS
AKRWK
AKYEP
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMRAJ
ANKPU
ANZVX
AOMHK
APXCP
AQUVI
ASPBG
AVARZ
AVWKF
AXJTR
AZFZN
AZQEC
BENPR
BKEYQ
BKOJK
BLXMC
BNPGV
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CS3
D-I
DU5
DWQXO
EBS
EFJIC
EFKBS
EFLBG
EJD
EMOBN
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
EX3
F5P
FDB
FEDTE
FGOYB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
FYUFA
G-2
G-Q
GBLVA
GNUQQ
GUQSH
HEH
HMCUK
HMK
HMO
HVGLF
HZ~
IHE
J1W
KOM
L7B
M0T
M1P
M29
M2O
M3W
M41
MO0
N9A
NAPCQ
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OD~
OHT
OO0
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PPXIY
PQQKQ
PRBVW
PROAC
PSQYO
Q38
R2-
ROL
RPZ
SAE
SCC
SDF
SDG
SDP
SEL
SES
SEW
SPCBC
SSB
SSH
SSO
SSZ
SV3
T5K
UAP
UKHRP
WOW
WUQ
X7M
XPP
YHZ
Z5R
ZGI
~G-
~HD
3V.
AACTN
AAIAV
ABLVK
ABYKQ
AFCTW
AFKWA
AHPSJ
AJBFU
AJOXV
AKYCK
AMFUW
F3I
LCYCR
RIG
ZA5
AAYXX
CITATION
PUEGO
ALIPV
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7QL
7QP
7T2
7T7
7TK
7U7
7U9
7XB
8FD
8FK
C1K
FR3
H94
K9.
M7N
MBDVC
P64
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
Q9U
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c515t-7f5b02b60ca3f847ed267fc5e5dece36b538ff4fbfc90c79ac5088f34c38eb423
IEDL.DBID AIKHN
ISSN 0895-4356
IngestDate Tue Oct 21 13:22:22 EDT 2025
Tue Oct 07 05:46:20 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 01:43:24 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:00:48 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 03:49:23 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:33:25 EST 2024
Tue Oct 14 19:37:37 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 10
Keywords Imputation
Precision
Bias
Missing predictors
Prediction
Language English
License https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c515t-7f5b02b60ca3f847ed267fc5e5dece36b538ff4fbfc90c79ac5088f34c38eb423
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
content type line 14
ObjectType-Undefined-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
ObjectType-Article-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
PMID 16980150
PQID 1033183677
PQPubID 105585
PageCount 10
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_68861848
proquest_journals_1033183677
pubmed_primary_16980150
crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_009
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_009
elsevier_clinicalkey_doi_10_1016_j_jclinepi_2006_01_009
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2006-10-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2006-10-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 10
  year: 2006
  text: 2006-10-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2000
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
– name: Elmsford
PublicationTitle Journal of clinical epidemiology
PublicationTitleAlternate J Clin Epidemiol
PublicationYear 2006
Publisher Elsevier Inc
Elsevier Limited
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Inc
– name: Elsevier Limited
References Harrell (bib27) 2001
Ibrahim (bib22) 1990; 85
Rubin (bib38) 1976; 63
Crawford, Tennstedt, McKinlay (bib17) 1995; 48
Oostenbrink, Moons, Bleeker, Moll, Grobbee (bib20) 2003; 56
Meyer, Windeler (bib7) 1998; 15
Greenland, Finkle (bib18) 1995; 142
Rubin, Schenker (bib25) 1991; 10
van Buuren S, Oudshoorn K. Flexible multivariate imputation by mice. Technical report. Leiden, The Netherlands: TNO prevention and Health; 1999.
Unnebrink, Windeler (bib8) 2001; 20
Clark, Altman (bib11) 2003; 56
Schafer (bib4) 1997
Laird (bib3) 1988; 7
Faris, Ghali, Brant, Norris, Galbraith, Knudtson (bib9) 2002; 55
Ezzati-Rice, Johnson, Khare, Little, Rubin (bib29) 1995
Accessed 2005 February 1.
Schafer, Graham (bib10) 2002; 7
Unnebrink, Windeler (bib30) 1999; 33
Harrell FE. The Hmisc library, 2002.
Heitjan, Rubin (bib28) 1990; 85
Vach (bib5) 1994
Turkstra, Kuijer, van Beek, Brandjes, ten Cate, Buller (bib33) 1997; 126
Vach, Blettner (bib14) 1991; 134
Barnard, Meng (bib24) 1999; 8
Oostenbrink, Moons, Donders, Grobbee, Moll (bib21) 2001; 90
Little, Rubin (bib1) 1987
Robins, Rotnitzky, Zhao (bib15) 1994; 89
van Beek, Tiel-van Buul, Büller, van Royen, ten Cate (bib31) 1993; 20
Rubin (bib12) 1987
Schafer (bib19) 1999; 8
Rubin (bib26) 1996; 91
Donner (bib13) 1982; 36
van Beek, Kuyer, Schenk, Brandjes, ten Cate, Büller (bib32) 1995; 108
Weinberg, Moledor, Umbach, Sandler (bib6) 1996; 7
Moons, van Es, Michel, Buller, Habbema, Grobbee (bib34) 1999; 10
Horton, Lipsitz (bib35) 2001; 55
Vach (bib16) 1997; 16
Little (bib2) 1992; 87
Herring, Ibrahim (bib23) 2001; 96
Vach (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib14) 1991; 134
Turkstra (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib33) 1997; 126
Meyer (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib7) 1998; 15
Donner (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib13) 1982; 36
Harrell (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib27) 2001
Horton (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib35) 2001; 55
Ezzati-Rice (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib29) 1995
Oostenbrink (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib20) 2003; 56
Rubin (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib12) 1987
Heitjan (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib28) 1990; 85
Barnard (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib24) 1999; 8
Robins (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib15) 1994; 89
Oostenbrink (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib21) 2001; 90
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib37
Laird (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib3) 1988; 7
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib36
Schafer (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib4) 1997
Rubin (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib38) 1976; 63
Clark (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib11) 2003; 56
Schafer (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib19) 1999; 8
Little (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib1) 1987
Schafer (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib10) 2002; 7
van Beek (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib32) 1995; 108
Herring (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib23) 2001; 96
Rubin (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib25) 1991; 10
Faris (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib9) 2002; 55
Crawford (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib17) 1995; 48
Vach (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib16) 1997; 16
Weinberg (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib6) 1996; 7
Unnebrink (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib8) 2001; 20
Greenland (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib18) 1995; 142
Ibrahim (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib22) 1990; 85
Rubin (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib26) 1996; 91
Unnebrink (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib30) 1999; 33
van Beek (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib31) 1993; 20
Moons (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib34) 1999; 10
Vach (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib5) 1994
Little (10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib2) 1992; 87
References_xml – volume: 7
  start-page: 305
  year: 1988
  end-page: 315
  ident: bib3
  article-title: Missing data in longitudinal studies
  publication-title: Stat Med
– volume: 56
  start-page: 28
  year: 2003
  end-page: 37
  ident: bib11
  article-title: Developing a prognostic model in the presence of missing data. an ovarian cancer case study
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
– volume: 55
  start-page: 184
  year: 2002
  end-page: 191
  ident: bib9
  article-title: Multiple imputation versus data enhancement for dealing with missing data in observational health care outcome analyses
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
– year: 1987
  ident: bib12
  article-title: Multiple imputation for non respons in surveys
– volume: 48
  start-page: 209
  year: 1995
  end-page: 219
  ident: bib17
  article-title: A comparison of analytic methods for non-random missingness of outcome data
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
– volume: 91
  start-page: 473
  year: 1996
  end-page: 489
  ident: bib26
  article-title: Multiple imputation after 18+ years
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– volume: 20
  start-page: 3931
  year: 2001
  end-page: 3946
  ident: bib8
  article-title: Intention-to-treat: methods for delaing with missing values in clinical trials of progressively deteriorating diseases
  publication-title: Stat Med
– volume: 8
  start-page: 3
  year: 1999
  end-page: 15
  ident: bib19
  article-title: Multiple imputation: a primer
  publication-title: Stat Methods Med Res
– volume: 85
  start-page: 765
  year: 1990
  end-page: 769
  ident: bib22
  article-title: Incomplete data in generalized models
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– volume: 126
  start-page: 775
  year: 1997
  end-page: 781
  ident: bib33
  article-title: Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography of leg veins in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism
  publication-title: Ann Intern Med
– reference: Harrell FE. The Hmisc library, 2002.
– volume: 10
  start-page: 585
  year: 1991
  end-page: 598
  ident: bib25
  article-title: Multiple imputation in health-care data bases: an overview and some applications
  publication-title: Stat Med
– volume: 96
  start-page: 292
  year: 2001
  end-page: 302
  ident: bib23
  article-title: Likelihood-based methods for missing covariates in the Cox proportional hazards model
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– volume: 8
  start-page: 17
  year: 1999
  end-page: 36
  ident: bib24
  article-title: Application of multiple imputation in medical studies: from AIDS to NHANES
  publication-title: Stat Methods Med Res
– year: 1997
  ident: bib4
  article-title: Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. Vol. 1
– volume: 7
  start-page: 147
  year: 2002
  end-page: 177
  ident: bib10
  article-title: Missing data: our view of the state of the art
  publication-title: Psychol Methods
– volume: 108
  start-page: 170
  year: 1995
  end-page: 173
  ident: bib32
  article-title: A normal perfusion lung scan in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: frequency and clinical validity
  publication-title: Chest
– year: 2001
  ident: bib27
  article-title: Regression modeling strategies
– reference: . Accessed 2005 February 1.
– volume: 87
  start-page: 1227
  year: 1992
  end-page: 1237
  ident: bib2
  article-title: Regression with missing X's; a review
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– volume: 15
  start-page: 17
  year: 1998
  end-page: 24
  ident: bib7
  article-title: A new suggestion for the classification of missing values in the outcome of clinical trials
  publication-title: Clini Res Regul Affairs
– start-page: 257
  year: 1995
  end-page: 266
  ident: bib29
  article-title: A simulation study to evaluate the performance of multiple imputations in NCHS Health Examination Survey
  publication-title: Proc Bureau Census Eleventh Annu Res Conf
– volume: 10
  start-page: 276
  year: 1999
  end-page: 281
  ident: bib34
  article-title: Redundancy of single diagnostic test evaluation
  publication-title: Epidemiology
– year: 1994
  ident: bib5
  article-title: Logistic regression with missing values in the covariates
– volume: 89
  start-page: 846
  year: 1994
  end-page: 866
  ident: bib15
  article-title: Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– year: 1987
  ident: bib1
  article-title: Statistical analysis with missing data
– volume: 55
  start-page: 244
  year: 2001
  end-page: 254
  ident: bib35
  article-title: Multiple imputation in practice: comparison of software packages for regression models with missing variables
  publication-title: Am Stat
– volume: 63
  start-page: 581
  year: 1976
  end-page: 590
  ident: bib38
  article-title: Inferences and missing data
  publication-title: Biometrika
– volume: 134
  start-page: 895
  year: 1991
  end-page: 907
  ident: bib14
  article-title: Biased estimates of the odds ratio in case-control studies due to the use of ad hoc methods of correcting for missing values for confounding variables
  publication-title: Am J Epidemiol
– volume: 16
  start-page: 57
  year: 1997
  end-page: 72
  ident: bib16
  article-title: Some issues in estimating the effect of prognostic factors from incomplete covariate data
  publication-title: Stat Med
– volume: 56
  start-page: 501
  year: 2003
  end-page: 506
  ident: bib20
  article-title: Diagnostic research on routine care data: prospects and problems
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
– volume: 90
  start-page: 611
  year: 2001
  end-page: 617
  ident: bib21
  article-title: Prediction of bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs: reduction of lumbar punctures
  publication-title: Acta Paediatr
– volume: 20
  start-page: 173
  year: 1993
  end-page: 181
  ident: bib31
  article-title: The value of lung scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
  publication-title: Eur J Nucl Med
– volume: 7
  start-page: 490
  year: 1996
  end-page: 497
  ident: bib6
  article-title: Imputation for exposure histories with gaps, under an excess relative risk model
  publication-title: Epidemiology
– volume: 33
  start-page: 835
  year: 1999
  end-page: 839
  ident: bib30
  article-title: Sensitivity analyses by worst and best case assessment: is it really sensitive?
  publication-title: Drug Inform J
– volume: 142
  start-page: 1255
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1264
  ident: bib18
  article-title: A critical look at methods for handling missing covariates in epidemiologic regression analyses
  publication-title: Am J Epidemiol
– volume: 36
  start-page: 378
  year: 1982
  end-page: 381
  ident: bib13
  article-title: The relative effectiveness of procedures commonly used in multiple regression analyses for dealing with missing values
  publication-title: Am Stat
– volume: 85
  start-page: 304
  year: 1990
  end-page: 314
  ident: bib28
  article-title: Inference form coarse data via multiple imputation with application to age heaping
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
– reference: van Buuren S, Oudshoorn K. Flexible multivariate imputation by mice. Technical report. Leiden, The Netherlands: TNO prevention and Health; 1999.
– year: 1987
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib12
– year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib27
– volume: 36
  start-page: 378
  year: 1982
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib13
  article-title: The relative effectiveness of procedures commonly used in multiple regression analyses for dealing with missing values
  publication-title: Am Stat
  doi: 10.2307/2683092
– volume: 8
  start-page: 17
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib24
  article-title: Application of multiple imputation in medical studies: from AIDS to NHANES
  publication-title: Stat Methods Med Res
  doi: 10.1191/096228099666230705
– volume: 20
  start-page: 3931
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib8
  article-title: Intention-to-treat: methods for delaing with missing values in clinical trials of progressively deteriorating diseases
  publication-title: Stat Med
  doi: 10.1002/sim.1149
– volume: 134
  start-page: 895
  year: 1991
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib14
  article-title: Biased estimates of the odds ratio in case-control studies due to the use of ad hoc methods of correcting for missing values for confounding variables
  publication-title: Am J Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116164
– volume: 85
  start-page: 765
  year: 1990
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib22
  article-title: Incomplete data in generalized models
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.2307/2290013
– volume: 91
  start-page: 473
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib26
  article-title: Multiple imputation after 18+ years
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.2307/2291635
– volume: 108
  start-page: 170
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib32
  article-title: A normal perfusion lung scan in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: frequency and clinical validity
  publication-title: Chest
  doi: 10.1378/chest.108.1.170
– volume: 63
  start-page: 581
  year: 1976
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib38
  article-title: Inferences and missing data
  publication-title: Biometrika
  doi: 10.1093/biomet/63.3.581
– volume: 89
  start-page: 846
  year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib15
  article-title: Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.2307/2290910
– volume: 56
  start-page: 501
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib20
  article-title: Diagnostic research on routine care data: prospects and problems
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00080-5
– volume: 20
  start-page: 173
  year: 1993
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib31
  article-title: The value of lung scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
  publication-title: Eur J Nucl Med
  doi: 10.1007/BF00168880
– volume: 55
  start-page: 244
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib35
  article-title: Multiple imputation in practice: comparison of software packages for regression models with missing variables
  publication-title: Am Stat
  doi: 10.1198/000313001317098266
– year: 1987
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib1
– volume: 142
  start-page: 1255
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib18
  article-title: A critical look at methods for handling missing covariates in epidemiologic regression analyses
  publication-title: Am J Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117592
– volume: 96
  start-page: 292
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib23
  article-title: Likelihood-based methods for missing covariates in the Cox proportional hazards model
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.1198/016214501750332866
– volume: 7
  start-page: 305
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib3
  article-title: Missing data in longitudinal studies
  publication-title: Stat Med
  doi: 10.1002/sim.4780070131
– volume: 16
  start-page: 57
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib16
  article-title: Some issues in estimating the effect of prognostic factors from incomplete covariate data
  publication-title: Stat Med
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970115)16:1<57::AID-SIM471>3.0.CO;2-S
– volume: 126
  start-page: 775
  year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib33
  article-title: Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography of leg veins in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism
  publication-title: Ann Intern Med
  doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-10-199705150-00005
– volume: 33
  start-page: 835
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib30
  article-title: Sensitivity analyses by worst and best case assessment: is it really sensitive?
  publication-title: Drug Inform J
  doi: 10.1177/009286159903300324
– volume: 85
  start-page: 304
  year: 1990
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib28
  article-title: Inference form coarse data via multiple imputation with application to age heaping
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.2307/2289765
– volume: 15
  start-page: 17
  year: 1998
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib7
  article-title: A new suggestion for the classification of missing values in the outcome of clinical trials
  publication-title: Clini Res Regul Affairs
  doi: 10.3109/10601339809048526
– volume: 48
  start-page: 209
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib17
  article-title: A comparison of analytic methods for non-random missingness of outcome data
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00124-9
– volume: 7
  start-page: 490
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib6
  article-title: Imputation for exposure histories with gaps, under an excess relative risk model
  publication-title: Epidemiology
  doi: 10.1097/00001648-199609000-00006
– volume: 10
  start-page: 585
  year: 1991
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib25
  article-title: Multiple imputation in health-care data bases: an overview and some applications
  publication-title: Stat Med
  doi: 10.1002/sim.4780100410
– volume: 7
  start-page: 147
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib10
  article-title: Missing data: our view of the state of the art
  publication-title: Psychol Methods
  doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147
– ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib36
– year: 1994
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib5
– volume: 87
  start-page: 1227
  year: 1992
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib2
  article-title: Regression with missing X's; a review
  publication-title: J Am Stat Assoc
  doi: 10.2307/2290664
– volume: 8
  start-page: 3
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib19
  article-title: Multiple imputation: a primer
  publication-title: Stat Methods Med Res
  doi: 10.1191/096228099671525676
– year: 1997
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib4
– volume: 90
  start-page: 611
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib21
  article-title: Prediction of bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs: reduction of lumbar punctures
  publication-title: Acta Paediatr
  doi: 10.1080/080352501750258649
– start-page: 257
  year: 1995
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib29
  article-title: A simulation study to evaluate the performance of multiple imputations in NCHS Health Examination Survey
  publication-title: Proc Bureau Census Eleventh Annu Res Conf
– ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib37
– volume: 56
  start-page: 28
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib11
  article-title: Developing a prognostic model in the presence of missing data. an ovarian cancer case study
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00539-5
– volume: 10
  start-page: 276
  year: 1999
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib34
  article-title: Redundancy of single diagnostic test evaluation
  publication-title: Epidemiology
  doi: 10.1097/00001648-199905000-00015
– volume: 55
  start-page: 184
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009_bib9
  article-title: Multiple imputation versus data enhancement for dealing with missing data in observational health care outcome analyses
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol
  doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00433-4
SSID ssj0017075
Score 2.4547122
Snippet Epidemiologic studies commonly estimate associations between predictors (risk factors) and outcome. Most software automatically exclude subjects with missing...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
crossref
elsevier
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 1092
SubjectTerms Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Bias
Computer Simulation
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Epidemiology
Female
Humans
Imputation
Male
Meningitis
Middle Aged
Missing predictors
Models, Biological
Outcome Assessment (Health Care)
Patient assessment
Postoperative Complications
Precision
Prediction
Pulmonary Embolism - diagnosis
Pulmonary Embolism - etiology
Risk Factors
Simulation
Software
Surgery
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Lb9QwEB6VrYS4IN4sFPCBa0oeGzs5IASoVVWpK4So1JtlOzNSV2iz7EP8fWYSe8sBKNc4Yykz45kvnhfA2xZLdFq7zBnfZDM0lLmKKCvKQFVZ-WAKKXC-mOuzy9n5VX11APNUCyNplckmDoa664PckfPprkT9tDEfVj8ymRol0dU0QsPF0Qrd-6HF2B04LKUz1gQOP53Mv3zdxxXM2Ho3b9o6Y6Cgf6sZXhwvpBgRV9cxRFEc55Km-Gd39Tc4Oril0wdwP-JJ9XFUgIdwgMtHcPciRswfw_mQE6AY5ql-t-VPRcUwVV3LLIdBKKonxbIe3lqthY7_wpX0AMeN-uk28pBwzStP4PL05NvnsyzOT8gCo5RtZqj2eel1Hpj97IWwK7WhUGPdYcBKezZ2RDPyFNo8mNYFQWtUzULVoGec9RQmy36Jz0HxKabWO6LcIG9Uemq8Dzmhp6JrTZhCndhkQ2wuLjMuvtuURbawib0y-VLbvLDM3im829OtxvYat1KYJAWbikfZ3Fn2ALdStnvKCC9G2PBftEdJ4DYe8o29UckpvNkvs8gk5uKW2O82VjeNjNRppvBsVJObz9RtI9dNL_699Uu4N9z6DPmDRzDZrnf4inHQ1r-Oyv0LmMcKGg
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0895435606000606
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980150
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1033183677
https://www.proquest.com/docview/68861848
Volume 59
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Elsevier ScienceDirect (LUT)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: ACRLP
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: Science Direct
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: .~1
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVESC
  databaseName: ScienceDirect Journal Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: AIKHN
  dateStart: 19950101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com
  providerName: Elsevier
– providerCode: PRVLSH
  databaseName: Elsevier Journals
  customDbUrl:
  mediaType: online
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: AKRWK
  dateStart: 19880101
  isFulltext: true
  providerName: Library Specific Holdings
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 20250905
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20030101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 20250905
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: 7X7
  dateStart: 20030101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Public Health Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1878-5921
  dateEnd: 20250905
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0017075
  issn: 0895-4356
  databaseCode: 8C1
  dateStart: 20030101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/publichealth
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3da9swED_aFMpeRtt1W_qx6mGvTvwRS_JjF1qyjoaytpA3YSl3kFCSkA_2tr-9J1vOOtjoYC-2sXRGurPufrbuA-BzgSmWUpZRqayOeqgoKjOiKEkdZWlmnUp8gPPtUA4eezejfLQD_SYWxrtVBt1f6_RKW4c73cDN7mIy6d7HusjZ2DMCr7KKyF3YY_ujdQv2Lr9-Gwy3mwmqzrfr-0ee4EWg8LQz9RGIuJiEfYmkE3vfxD_bqL9h0MoWXR_A2wAixWU9zkPYwdkR7N-GbfJ3cFM5AgjGdmK-WfPUUDA2FRNfwKGShJiTYAFXvRZLT8ef3sIn_saV-FGu_E3CJbccw-P11UN_EIWiCZFjaLKOFOU2Tq2MHfOcTQ-OU6nI5ZiP0WEmLWs4oh5ZckXsVFE6D9Eo67lMo2Vw9R5as_kMP4LgpUuFLYlihfyg1JK21sWElpJxoVwb8oZNxoWM4r6wxZNpXMempmGvL3cpTZwYZm8bulu6RZ1T41UK1UjBNBGjrOMMq_1XKYst5W_v1T_RnjUCN2Flr7h_5tWgVKoNF9tmFpnfaClnON-sjNTa19HRbfhQvya_pikL7f8xnfzHsE7hTfUfqPIoPIPWernBc0ZGa_sJdjs_Ez6qkeKj7vN1vRb4_OVqePf9GTuYE8A
linkProvider Elsevier
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELaqIgEXxJuFQn2Ao0viJHZyQAgVqu1je2ql3kzsnZG6Qptls6uKP8VvZCaJtxyAcuk1zkTJzOTzZ3seQrytQENtTK1q60uVg0VVZ4gq1QEznflgU05wnpya8Xl-dFFcbImfMReGwyojJnZAPW0C75HT352x-xlrPy6-K-4axaersYVG7xbH8OOKlmzth8PPZN93Wh98Odsfq6GrgAo0d6-UxcIn2psk0EsRNsNUG4uhgGIKATLjCQIQc_QYqiTYqg7MYTDLQ1aCz7nQAUH-nTzTloGg3N-ElKS2L-yblFWhiIaY3zKSZ3szTnWExeVwAJLuJRwE-efJ8G9kt5v0Dh6KBwNblZ9693oktmD-WNydDOfxT8RRF3EgiUTKZr0iRYIkEiwvuVNEZ3LZoCRP6u5aLFmO1viSK4xDK6_qli8iLGnkqTi_FT0-E9vzZg4vhCSMwMrXiIkFepD2WHofEgSP6bSyYSSKqCYXhtLl3EHjm4sxajMX1ct9NY1LUkfqHYn3G7lFX7zjRgkbreBiaiqBqaP55UbJaiM5kJeelPyX7E40uBsgpHXXDj8Su5thMhmf6NRzaNatM2XJDXvKkXjeu8n1Z5qq5M2sl_9-9K64Nz6bnLiTw9PjV-J-t7_URSruiO3Vcg2viXGt_JvOzaX4etv_1S_WzEIH
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELaqIlVcEG8WCvUBjmmTOLHjA0KIsuqDVhyotDcTe2ekrtBm2eyq4q_x65hJ4i0HoFx6jTNWMjMef_a8hHhtIYda6zqpja-SAgwmtUJMsjygypUPJuME57NzfXRRnEzKyZb4GXNhOKwy2sTOUE-bwHfktLoVq5825gCHsIjPh-N3i-8Jd5BiT2tsp9GryCn8uKLjW_v2-JBk_SbPxx-_fDhKhg4DSaB9fJUYLH2ae50G-kCy0zDNtcFQQjmFAEp7MgeIBXoMNg3G1oHxDKoiqAp8wUUPyPzfMUpZDic0k81hLzN9kd-0smVCkET_lp08259x2iMsLgdnSLafckDknzfGvwHfbgMc3xf3BuQq3_eq9kBswfyh2DkbfPOPxEkXfSAJUMpmvSKmgiRALC-5a0QnftmgJK3q3losmY7O-5KrjUMrr-qWHyIsaeSxuLgVPj4R2_NmDs-EJHuB1teIqQGaKPdYeR9SBI_Z1JowEmVkkwtDGXPupvHNxXi1mYvs5R6b2qWZI_aOxMGGbtEX8riRwkQpuJimSobV0V5zI6XdUA5Apgco_0W7GwXuBnPSumvlH4m9zTCJjL079Ryadet0VXHznmoknvZqcv2b2lZ8sfX831PviR1aUe7T8fnpC3G3u2rqghZ3xfZquYaXBL5W_lWn5VJ8ve1l9QsGeUZ2
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Using+the+outcome+for+imputation+of+missing+predictor+values+was+preferred&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+clinical+epidemiology&rft.au=Moons%2C+Karel+G+M&rft.au=Donders%2C+Rogier+A+R+T&rft.au=Stijnen%2C+Theo&rft.au=Harrell%2C+Jr%2C+Frank+E&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.issn=0895-4356&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=1092&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jclinepi.2006.01.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16980150&rft.externalDocID=16980150
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0895-4356&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0895-4356&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0895-4356&client=summon