Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data
Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key op...
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| Published in | The Lancet (British edition) Vol. 393; no. 10189; pp. 2455 - 2468 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
15.06.2019
Elsevier Limited |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0140-6736 1474-547X 1474-547X |
| DOI | 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30765-2 |
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| Abstract | Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key opportunities for testing associations between gender norms and health. Using innovative approaches to analysing proxies for gender norms, we generated evidence that gender norms impact the health of women and men across life stages, health sectors, and world regions. Six case studies showed that: (1) gender norms are complex and can intersect with other social factors to impact health over the life course; (2) early gender-normative influences by parents and peers can have multiple and differing health consequences for girls and boys; (3) non-conformity with, and transgression of, gender norms can be harmful to health, particularly when they trigger negative sanctions; and (4) the impact of gender norms on health can be context-specific, demanding care when designing effective gender-transformative health policies and programmes. Limitations of survey-based data are described that resulted in missed opportunities for investigating certain populations and domains. Recommendations for optimising and advancing research on the health impacts of gender norms are made. |
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| AbstractList | Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key opportunities for testing associations between gender norms and health. Using innovative approaches to analysing proxies for gender norms, we generated evidence that gender norms impact the health of women and men across life stages, health sectors, and world regions. Six case studies showed that: (1) gender norms are complex and can intersect with other social factors to impact health over the life course; (2) early gender-normative influences by parents and peers can have multiple and differing health consequences for girls and boys; (3) non-conformity with, and transgression of, gender norms can be harmful to health, particularly when they trigger negative sanctions; and (4) the impact of gender norms on health can be context-specific, demanding care when designing effective gender-transformative health policies and programmes. Limitations of survey-based data are described that resulted in missed opportunities for investigating certain populations and domains. Recommendations for optimising and advancing research on the health impacts of gender norms are made. Summary Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key opportunities for testing associations between gender norms and health. Using innovative approaches to analysing proxies for gender norms, we generated evidence that gender norms impact the health of women and men across life stages, health sectors, and world regions. Six case studies showed that: (1) gender norms are complex and can intersect with other social factors to impact health over the life course; (2) early gender-normative influences by parents and peers can have multiple and differing health consequences for girls and boys; (3) non-conformity with, and transgression of, gender norms can be harmful to health, particularly when they trigger negative sanctions; and (4) the impact of gender norms on health can be context-specific, demanding care when designing effective gender-transformative health policies and programmes. Limitations of survey-based data are described that resulted in missed opportunities for investigating certain populations and domains. Recommendations for optimising and advancing research on the health impacts of gender norms are made. Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key opportunities for testing associations between gender norms and health. Using innovative approaches to analysing proxies for gender norms, we generated evidence that gender norms impact the health of women and men across life stages, health sectors, and world regions. Six case studies showed that: (1) gender norms are complex and can intersect with other social factors to impact health over the life course; (2) early gender-normative influences by parents and peers can have multiple and differing health consequences for girls and boys; (3) non-conformity with, and transgression of, gender norms can be harmful to health, particularly when they trigger negative sanctions; and (4) the impact of gender norms on health can be context-specific, demanding care when designing effective gender-transformative health policies and programmes. Limitations of survey-based data are described that resulted in missed opportunities for investigating certain populations and domains. Recommendations for optimising and advancing research on the health impacts of gender norms are made.Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the effect of gender norms on health inequities are underdeveloped. Nonetheless, existing global, national, and subnational data provide some key opportunities for testing associations between gender norms and health. Using innovative approaches to analysing proxies for gender norms, we generated evidence that gender norms impact the health of women and men across life stages, health sectors, and world regions. Six case studies showed that: (1) gender norms are complex and can intersect with other social factors to impact health over the life course; (2) early gender-normative influences by parents and peers can have multiple and differing health consequences for girls and boys; (3) non-conformity with, and transgression of, gender norms can be harmful to health, particularly when they trigger negative sanctions; and (4) the impact of gender norms on health can be context-specific, demanding care when designing effective gender-transformative health policies and programmes. Limitations of survey-based data are described that resulted in missed opportunities for investigating certain populations and domains. Recommendations for optimising and advancing research on the health impacts of gender norms are made. |
| Author | Chae, Sophia Greene, Margaret Eleanor Hawkes, Sarah Buffarini, Romina Weber, Ann M Abdalla, Safa Hallgren, Emma Seff, Ilana Mejía-Guevara, Iván Loftus, Pooja Ngo, Thoai D Norris, Shane A Darmstadt, Gary L Barros, Aluísio J D Heymann, Jody Heise, Lori Nagata, Jason M Shakya, Holly B Victora, Cesar G Stark, Lindsay Bhushan, Devika Cullen, Mark R Haberland, Nicole Meausoone, Valerie Henry, Sarah Domingue, Benjamin W Richter, Linda M Klugman, Jeni McCarthy, Katharine Levine, Ruth Gupta, Ribhav Rao Gupta, Geeta Cislaghi, Beniamino Raj, Anita |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ann M surname: Weber fullname: Weber, Ann M email: annweber@stanford.edu organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Beniamino surname: Cislaghi fullname: Cislaghi, Beniamino organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Valerie surname: Meausoone fullname: Meausoone, Valerie organization: Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Safa surname: Abdalla fullname: Abdalla, Safa organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Iván surname: Mejía-Guevara fullname: Mejía-Guevara, Iván organization: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Pooja surname: Loftus fullname: Loftus, Pooja organization: Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Emma surname: Hallgren fullname: Hallgren, Emma organization: Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Ilana surname: Seff fullname: Seff, Ilana organization: Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Lindsay surname: Stark fullname: Stark, Lindsay organization: Brown School at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Cesar G surname: Victora fullname: Victora, Cesar G organization: Federal University of Pelotas, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil – sequence: 11 givenname: Romina surname: Buffarini fullname: Buffarini, Romina organization: Federal University of Pelotas, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil – sequence: 12 givenname: Aluísio J D surname: Barros fullname: Barros, Aluísio J D organization: Federal University of Pelotas, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil – sequence: 13 givenname: Benjamin W surname: Domingue fullname: Domingue, Benjamin W organization: Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Devika surname: Bhushan fullname: Bhushan, Devika organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Ribhav surname: Gupta fullname: Gupta, Ribhav organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: Jason M surname: Nagata fullname: Nagata, Jason M organization: University of California San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, San Francisco, CA, USA – sequence: 17 givenname: Holly B surname: Shakya fullname: Shakya, Holly B organization: Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – sequence: 18 givenname: Linda M surname: Richter fullname: Richter, Linda M organization: DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 19 givenname: Shane A surname: Norris fullname: Norris, Shane A organization: Department of Paediatrics, SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa – sequence: 20 givenname: Thoai D surname: Ngo fullname: Ngo, Thoai D organization: GIRL Center, Population Council, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: Sophia surname: Chae fullname: Chae, Sophia organization: GIRL Center, Population Council, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 22 givenname: Nicole surname: Haberland fullname: Haberland, Nicole organization: GIRL Center, Population Council, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 23 givenname: Katharine surname: McCarthy fullname: McCarthy, Katharine organization: GIRL Center, Population Council, New York, NY, USA – sequence: 24 givenname: Mark R surname: Cullen fullname: Cullen, Mark R organization: Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA – sequence: 25 givenname: Gary L surname: Darmstadt fullname: Darmstadt, Gary L organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 26 givenname: Gary L surname: Darmstadt fullname: Darmstadt, Gary L – sequence: 27 givenname: Margaret Eleanor surname: Greene fullname: Greene, Margaret Eleanor – sequence: 28 givenname: Sarah surname: Hawkes fullname: Hawkes, Sarah – sequence: 29 givenname: Lori surname: Heise fullname: Heise, Lori – sequence: 30 givenname: Sarah surname: Henry fullname: Henry, Sarah – sequence: 31 givenname: Jody surname: Heymann fullname: Heymann, Jody – sequence: 32 givenname: Jeni surname: Klugman fullname: Klugman, Jeni – sequence: 33 givenname: Ruth surname: Levine fullname: Levine, Ruth – sequence: 34 givenname: Anita surname: Raj fullname: Raj, Anita – sequence: 35 givenname: Geeta surname: Rao Gupta fullname: Rao Gupta, Geeta |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31155273$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate the... Summary Despite global commitments to achieving gender equality and improving health and wellbeing for all, quantitative data and methods to precisely estimate... |
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| SubjectTerms | Children & youth Data collection Datasets Delivery of Health Care Domains Equality Female Gender equity Gender Identity Girls Health Health disparities Health policy Humans Male Men Norms Parents Polls & surveys Qualitative research Social factors Social Norms Womens health |
| Title | Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data |
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