Complexity of Body Movements during Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Published in: Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 4; p. 418
• Main Authors: Furutani, Naoki, Takahashi, Tetsuya, Naito, Nobushige, Maruishi, Takafumi, Yoshimura, Yuko, Hasegawa, Chiaki, Hirosawa, Tetsu, Kikuchi, Mitsuru
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 31.03.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: accelerometer; actigraphy; Algorithms; Autism; Autistic children; Biomarkers; Children & youth; Circadian rhythm; circadian rhythm disruption; Cognition & reasoning; Complexity; detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA); Entropy; entropy-based methods; Hypotheses; Information theory; Insomnia; Irregularities; Mental disorders; Physiology; Signs and symptoms; Sleep; Time series; circadian rhythm disruption; entropy-based methods; false nearest neighbors (FNN); accelerometer; detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA); actigraphy; long-range temporal correlation; information theory; expanded sample entropy (expSampEn); insomnia
• ISSN: 1099-4300; 1099-4300
• DOI: 10.3390/e23040418

Recently, measuring the complexity of body movements during sleep has been proven as an objective biomarker of various psychiatric disorders. Although sleep problems are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and might exacerbate ASD symptoms, their objectivity as a biomarker remains to be established. Therefore, details of body movement complexity during sleep as estimated by actigraphy were investigated in typically developing (TD) children and in children with ASD. Several complexity analyses were applied to raw and thresholded data of actigraphy from 17 TD children and 17 children with ASD. Determinism, irregularity and unpredictability, and long-range temporal correlation were examined respectively using the false nearest neighbor (FNN) algorithm, information-theoretic analyses, and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Although the FNN algorithm did not reveal determinism in body movements, surrogate analyses identified the influence of nonlinear processes on the irregularity and long-range temporal correlation of body movements. Additionally, the irregularity and unpredictability of body movements measured by expanded sample entropy were significantly lower in ASD than in TD children up to two hours after sleep onset and at approximately six hours after sleep onset. This difference was found especially for the high-irregularity period. Through this study, we characterized details of the complexity of body movements during sleep and demonstrated the group difference of body movement complexity across TD children and children with ASD. Complexity analyses of body movements during sleep have provided valuable insights into sleep profiles. Body movement complexity might be useful as a biomarker for ASD.