Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects

Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb–drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cra...

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Published inBritish journal of pharmacology Vol. 154; no. 8; pp. 1691 - 1700
Main Authors Mohammed Abdul, M I, Jiang, X, Williams, K M, Day, R O, Roufogalis, B D, Liauw, W S, Xu, H, McLachlan, A J
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2008
Nature Publishing
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
Adolescent
Adult
Allium sativum
Anticoagulants - pharmacokinetics
Anticoagulants - pharmacology
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases - genetics
Biological and medical sciences
cranberry
Cross-Over Studies
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9
Drug Monitoring
garlic
Garlic - chemistry
Genotype
Herb-Drug Interactions
Humans
International Normalized Ratio
Male
Medical sciences
Mixed Function Oxygenases - genetics
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
platelet aggregation
Platelet Aggregation - drug effects
Protein Binding - drug effects
Research Papers
Stereoisomerism
Time Factors
Vaccinium macrocarpon - chemistry
Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases
warfarin
Warfarin - pharmacokinetics
Warfarin - pharmacology
Human
Warfarin
Healthy subject
Coumarine derivatives
Genotype
Anticoagulant
Biological activity
Cranberries
platelet aggregation
Aggregation
Antivitamin K
Platelet
cranberry
Garlic
Drug interaction
pharmacodynamic
Pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetic
herb-drug interactions
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0007-1188
1476-5381
DOI10.1038/bjp.2008.210

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Abstract Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb–drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. Experimental approach: An open‐label, three‐treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. Key results: Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR–time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S‐ or R‐warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co‐administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype‐dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. Conclusions and implications: Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co‐administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1691–1700; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.210; published online 2 June 2008
AbstractList Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPatients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects.An open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHAn open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines.Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation.KEY RESULTSCranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation.Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSCranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.
Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. An open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: An open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. KEY RESULTS: Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.
Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. Experimental approach: An open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. Key results: Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter 5- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. Conclusions and implications: Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.
Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb–drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. Experimental approach: An open‐label, three‐treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. Key results: Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR–time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S‐ or R‐warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co‐administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype‐dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. Conclusions and implications: Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co‐administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1691–1700; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.210; published online 2 June 2008
Author Jiang, X
Roufogalis, B D
Mohammed Abdul, M I
Day, R O
Liauw, W S
Williams, K M
Xu, H
McLachlan, A J
AuthorAffiliation 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
5 Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital New South Wales, Australia
4 University of New South Wales Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
2 Clinical Trials Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
3 Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Clinical Trials Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
– name: 3 Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
– name: 4 University of New South Wales Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
– name: 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
– name: 5 Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital New South Wales, Australia
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  givenname: M I
  surname: Mohammed Abdul
  fullname: Mohammed Abdul, M I
– sequence: 2
  givenname: X
  surname: Jiang
  fullname: Jiang, X
– sequence: 3
  givenname: K M
  surname: Williams
  fullname: Williams, K M
– sequence: 4
  givenname: R O
  surname: Day
  fullname: Day, R O
– sequence: 5
  givenname: B D
  surname: Roufogalis
  fullname: Roufogalis, B D
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  givenname: W S
  surname: Liauw
  fullname: Liauw, W S
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  surname: Xu
  fullname: Xu, H
– sequence: 8
  givenname: A J
  surname: McLachlan
  fullname: McLachlan, A J
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Issue 8
Keywords Human
Warfarin
Healthy subject
Coumarine derivatives
Genotype
Anticoagulant
Biological activity
Cranberries
platelet aggregation
Aggregation
Antivitamin K
Platelet
cranberry
Garlic
Drug interaction
pharmacodynamic
Pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetic
herb-drug interactions
Language English
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Notes Current address: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, WI, USA
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2006; 91
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2006; 13
1981; 1
2006b; 106
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1994; 271
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2008
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Snippet Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a...
Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a...
Background and purpose: Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a...
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SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Allium sativum
Anticoagulants - pharmacokinetics
Anticoagulants - pharmacology
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases - genetics
Biological and medical sciences
cranberry
Cross-Over Studies
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9
Drug Monitoring
garlic
Garlic - chemistry
Genotype
Herb-Drug Interactions
Humans
International Normalized Ratio
Male
Medical sciences
Mixed Function Oxygenases - genetics
pharmacodynamic
pharmacokinetic
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
platelet aggregation
Platelet Aggregation - drug effects
Protein Binding - drug effects
Research Papers
Stereoisomerism
Time Factors
Vaccinium macrocarpon - chemistry
Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases
warfarin
Warfarin - pharmacokinetics
Warfarin - pharmacology
Title Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects
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