Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders

Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders, with previous literature predominantly focusing on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety diso...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21; no. 18; p. 6546
Main Authors Won, Eunsoo, Kim, Yong-Ku
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 07.09.2020
MDPI
Subjects
Adrenergic receptors
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis
Anxiety Disorders - metabolism
Anxiety Disorders - physiopathology
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - analysis
Brain
Brain - metabolism
Catecholamines
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Fear & phobias
Feedback
Generalized anxiety disorder
Heart rate
Hormones
Humans
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - physiopathology
Hypothalamus
Immune system
Inflammation
Inflammation - metabolism
Influence
Mental disorders
Nervous system
Neurobiology
Neuroimmunomodulation
Neuroimmunomodulation - immunology
Neuroimmunomodulation - physiology
Neurons
Neurons - metabolism
Panic attacks
Pathophysiology
Pituitary gland
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Pituitary-Adrenal System - physiopathology
Review
Stress
Stress, Psychological
Stress, Psychological - metabolism
Stress, Psychological - physiopathology
anti-inflammatory interventions
neural biomarker
agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder
neuroinflammation
panic disorder
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI10.3390/ijms21186546

Cover

Abstract Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders, with previous literature predominantly focusing on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, among the anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders have frequently been associated with chronic stress, with chronically stressful situations being reported to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Also, chronic stress has been reported to lead to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system disruption, which may in turn induce systemic proinflammatory conditions. Preliminary evidence suggests anxiety disorders are also associated with increased inflammation. Systemic inflammation can access the brain, and enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine levels that have been shown to precipitate direct and indirect neurotoxic effects. Prefrontal and limbic structures are widely reported to be influenced by neuroinflammatory conditions. In concordance with these findings, various imaging studies on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder have reported alterations in structure, function, and connectivity of prefrontal and limbic structures. Further research is needed on the use of inflammatory markers and brain imaging in the early diagnosis of anxiety disorders, along with the possible efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions on the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.
AbstractList Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders, with previous literature predominantly focusing on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, among the anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders have frequently been associated with chronic stress, with chronically stressful situations being reported to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Also, chronic stress has been reported to lead to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system disruption, which may in turn induce systemic proinflammatory conditions. Preliminary evidence suggests anxiety disorders are also associated with increased inflammation. Systemic inflammation can access the brain, and enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine levels that have been shown to precipitate direct and indirect neurotoxic effects. Prefrontal and limbic structures are widely reported to be influenced by neuroinflammatory conditions. In concordance with these findings, various imaging studies on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder have reported alterations in structure, function, and connectivity of prefrontal and limbic structures. Further research is needed on the use of inflammatory markers and brain imaging in the early diagnosis of anxiety disorders, along with the possible efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions on the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders, with previous literature predominantly focusing on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, among the anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders have frequently been associated with chronic stress, with chronically stressful situations being reported to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Also, chronic stress has been reported to lead to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system disruption, which may in turn induce systemic proinflammatory conditions. Preliminary evidence suggests anxiety disorders are also associated with increased inflammation. Systemic inflammation can access the brain, and enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine levels that have been shown to precipitate direct and indirect neurotoxic effects. Prefrontal and limbic structures are widely reported to be influenced by neuroinflammatory conditions. In concordance with these findings, various imaging studies on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder have reported alterations in structure, function, and connectivity of prefrontal and limbic structures. Further research is needed on the use of inflammatory markers and brain imaging in the early diagnosis of anxiety disorders, along with the possible efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions on the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.
Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders, with previous literature predominantly focusing on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, among the anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders have frequently been associated with chronic stress, with chronically stressful situations being reported to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Also, chronic stress has been reported to lead to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system disruption, which may in turn induce systemic proinflammatory conditions. Preliminary evidence suggests anxiety disorders are also associated with increased inflammation. Systemic inflammation can access the brain, and enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine levels that have been shown to precipitate direct and indirect neurotoxic effects. Prefrontal and limbic structures are widely reported to be influenced by neuroinflammatory conditions. In concordance with these findings, various imaging studies on panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder have reported alterations in structure, function, and connectivity of prefrontal and limbic structures. Further research is needed on the use of inflammatory markers and brain imaging in the early diagnosis of anxiety disorders, along with the possible efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions on the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.
Author Yong-Ku Kim
Eunsoo Won
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea; eunsooowon@gmail.com
2 Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea; eunsooowon@gmail.com
– name: 2 Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Eunsoo
  surname: Won
  fullname: Won, Eunsoo
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Yong-Ku
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5694-7840
  surname: Kim
  fullname: Kim, Yong-Ku
BackLink https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1870583643227679872$$DView record in CiNii
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32906843$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp1kc1v1DAQxS1UREvpjTOKBAcOBPwZ2xekbfmUKuAA58jrTOiUxC62g-h_j3e3VEslLh5r_JunN34PyUGIAQh5zOhLISx9hZdz5oyZTsnuHjlikvOW0k4f7N0PyUnOuKZSCS55Zx-QQ8Et7YwURwQ_wZIihnFy8-wKxtCuco4eXYGhWU0F0rabmzg25QKa0-QwNC43X2KBUNBNzUaillOMs0s_IOWmEqvwG6FcN28wxzTU5iNyf3RThpObeky-vXv79exDe_75_cez1XnrFdWlBackWCpASyPWTgoL1GpPmZZ04HowXjOQmnljwaqRM0O51_UDlBdU8EEck9c73atlPcPgq8nqrr9KWN1d99Fh_-9LwIv-e_zVa6WUtbIKPL8RSPHnArn0M2YP0-QCxCX3XErWUSmVrujTO-hlXFKo620pSy3lXaWe7Du6tfI3hQq82AE-xZwTjLcIo_0m534_54rzO7jHsk2p7oPT_4ae7YYCYuU3JzOaKiM6KTjXnbZGc_EHv2G2Aw
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s11064_023_03920_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ynstr_2025_100721
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2022_903004
crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci14070697
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27041412
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mcpdig_2024_01_007
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_11_070
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23063245
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2024_1375440
crossref_primary_10_1080_1028415X_2022_2110188
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2023_11_069
crossref_primary_10_1093_braincomms_fcae147
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_955672
crossref_primary_10_1080_10253890_2021_1942828
crossref_primary_10_1089_can_2024_0086
crossref_primary_10_1002_dev_22411
crossref_primary_10_1021_acschemneuro_4c00339
crossref_primary_10_2174_0122103155288752240219095244
crossref_primary_10_17116_jnevro2022122081101
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15030998
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_genhosppsych_2023_01_008
crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci14010041
crossref_primary_10_31083_j_jin2101033
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40675_024_00277_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2023_11_019
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropharm_2023_109418
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2024_138095
crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjph_2024_001516
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamaoto_2024_2705
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodres_2022_111533
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2021_05_040
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psyneuen_2025_107430
crossref_primary_10_1093_nutrit_nuad143
crossref_primary_10_2147_NDT_S500337
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu16152438
crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines11010091
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2023_1112906
crossref_primary_10_3390_cimb47040220
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2024_1468894
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu16101527
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mehy_2025_111580
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2023_1173376
crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1338083
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pdpdt_2023_103766
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms251810165
crossref_primary_10_3988_jcn_2021_17_4_503
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_024_33447_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2025_02_045
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2024_135178
crossref_primary_10_1027_1192_5604_a000185
crossref_primary_10_1080_87559129_2022_2043895
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ynstr_2024_100624
crossref_primary_10_3390_cells14020074
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2022_1015349
crossref_primary_10_1097_CRD_0000000000000693
crossref_primary_10_17826_cumj_1510275
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pneurobio_2023_102425
crossref_primary_10_1093_oxfimm_iqac007
crossref_primary_10_1002_dev_22330
crossref_primary_10_1111_ceo_14343
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2022_01_004
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu16010067
crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox13070855
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_79166_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics14122825
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics14122742
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejphar_2024_176868
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pscychresns_2023_111761
crossref_primary_10_1111_acer_14963
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1473418
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2024_105580
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pharmthera_2025_108825
crossref_primary_10_34133_cbsystems_0125
crossref_primary_10_5498_wjp_v12_i7_874
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10600_024_04448_7
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12891_022_05711_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_09_027
crossref_primary_10_1089_ict_2025_28106_kl
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1495467
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015
10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60419-2
10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014
10.1186/s12974-019-1632-z
10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.002
10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.02.003
10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00564-5
10.1038/sj.ijo.0801278
10.1017/S0033291717001957
10.1176/ajp.148.5.598
10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.012
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3567-08.2009
10.1038/sj.npp.1301168
10.2522/ptj.20130597
10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00055-X
10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076869
10.1080/13811118.2015.1004485
10.1016/S1471-4892(02)00232-1
10.3945/ajcn.2008.26528
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.019
10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00984-9
10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.017
10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.047
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04987.x
10.1073/pnas.1009164107
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.019
10.1002/hbm.22063
10.1017/S0033291709005649
10.1176/ajp.144.8.1030
10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.010
10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01520-0
10.1017/S0033291713000792
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.002
10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01375-0
10.1038/nri3156
10.1002/da.20564
10.1002/14651858.CD003299.pub2
10.1007/s002219900289
10.1016/j.brs.2008.02.001
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00897.1994
10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K
10.1016/0165-5728(93)90281-3
10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.10.004
10.1126/science.270.5236.644
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x
10.1371/journal.pone.0093432
10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.060
10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91959-9
10.1002/hipo.22566
10.1080/1028415X.2019.1620425
10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0450-11.2011
10.1097/WNR.0000000000000100
10.1152/ajpendo.00589.2007
10.1097/01.wnr.0000203354.80438.1
10.1007/s00406-010-0147-5
10.1038/sj.npp.1301606
10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02219.x
10.1038/npp.2016.146
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04394.x
10.1016/j.steroids.2012.05.007
10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70
10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.007
10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1057
10.1038/npp.2011.277
10.1007/s00406-010-0167-1
10.1042/bj3200595
10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.566
10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.002
10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.031
10.1177/2470547017703993
10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001
10.1371/journal.pone.0123757
10.1002/glia.22686
10.1186/s13075-015-0667-5
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.006
10.1371/journal.pone.0073581
10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104
10.1172/JCI200318921
10.1038/35013070
10.1017/S0033291713003085
10.1016/0893-133X(95)00146-5
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.008
10.1073/pnas.0708092105
10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.97
10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91275-9
10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.008
10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111484
10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.022
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.018
10.1002/glia.20671
10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.007
10.1016/0006-3223(89)90287-4
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4868-13.2014
10.1177/0269881110367448
10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.041
10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.201
10.1002/cne.902420105
10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.016
10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.007
10.1177/0269881115612236
10.1126/science.3258444
10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00263-1
10.2174/1570159X14666151208113700
10.2174/1381612053507431
10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00036-3
10.1176/ajp.155.9.1178
10.1007/BF00964611
10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.010
10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01800.x
10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.004
10.1002/cncr.29194
10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.024
10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00040-6
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.012
10.1007/s00702-012-0811-1
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03872.x
10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00835-0
10.2174/1570159X15666171123201142
10.1016/0361-9230(89)90185-8
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.03.002
10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00070-1
10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02085.x
10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00272-5
10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071060
10.1056/NEJMra050541
10.1037/abn0000122
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015
10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1192
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(2000)11:1<31::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-O
10.1016/0006-3223(93)90004-W
10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815a8f6b
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.090
10.1177/0269881105059253
10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00231-9
10.1097/JCP.0b013e31821a1045
10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.005
10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.032
10.3390/cells9061373
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002
10.1080/10253890500504557
10.1590/S0100-879X2003000700014
10.1590/S0100-879X2001000300003
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3197-15.2016
10.1097/00001756-200506210-00010
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.014
10.1017/S0033291709991930
10.1097/FJC.0b013e318135446c
10.1371/journal.pone.0100903
10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03281.x
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036
10.1176/ajp.150.10.1491
10.7326/0003-4819-119-12-199312150-00007
10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.010
10.1038/nrn3346
10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02714.x
10.1038/nature01339
10.1017/S1461145710000829
10.1038/npp.2013.122
10.1038/tp.2013.27
10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.015
10.1155/2013/391984
10.1016/0165-1781(89)90132-7
10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.009
10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_6
10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.568
10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.011
10.1017/S0033291712000554
10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
10.1089/jir.2005.25.20
10.1016/0002-9343(82)90592-7
10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.015
10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01960.x
10.1080/07435809209035401
10.1093/eurheartj/ehn326
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2020 by the authors. 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: 2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2020 by the authors. 2020
DBID RYH
AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7X7
7XB
88E
8FI
8FJ
8FK
8G5
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
GUQSH
K9.
M0S
M1P
M2O
MBDVC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.3390/ijms21186546
DatabaseName CiNii Complete
CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Research Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
Research Library
Research Library (Corporate)
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest - Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
Publicly Available Content Database
Research Library Prep
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
Research Library (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Research Library
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic
CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
EISSN 1422-0067
ExternalDocumentID PMC7555994
32906843
10_3390_ijms21186546
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID ---
29J
2WC
53G
5GY
5VS
7X7
88E
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
8G5
A8Z
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAHBH
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACGFO
ACIHN
ACIWK
ACPRK
ACUHS
ADBBV
AEAQA
AENEX
AFKRA
AFZYC
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
AZQEC
BAWUL
BCNDV
BENPR
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CS3
D1I
DIK
DU5
DWQXO
E3Z
EBD
EBS
EJD
ESX
F5P
FRP
FYUFA
GNUQQ
GUQSH
GX1
HH5
HMCUK
HYE
IAO
IHR
ITC
KQ8
LK8
M1P
M2O
M48
MODMG
O5R
O5S
OK1
OVT
P2P
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
RNS
RPM
RYH
TR2
TUS
UKHRP
~8M
AAYXX
CITATION
3V.
ABJCF
BBNVY
BHPHI
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
KB.
M7P
M~E
NPM
PDBOC
7XB
8FK
K9.
MBDVC
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
ESTFP
PUEGO
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-ea54e903e7483ba439e097c01740d27d8c71e471c89e95f21802c78655c3032d3
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1422-0067
1661-6596
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 13:53:49 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 13:34:16 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 20:19:47 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:29:29 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:01:31 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 04:15:35 EDT 2025
Thu Jun 26 23:50:45 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 18
Keywords anti-inflammatory interventions
neural biomarker
agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder
neuroinflammation
panic disorder
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c507t-ea54e903e7483ba439e097c01740d27d8c71e471c89e95f21802c78655c3032d3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-5694-7840
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3390/ijms21186546
PMID 32906843
PQID 2441909026
PQPubID 2032341
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7555994
proquest_miscellaneous_2441604457
proquest_journals_2441909026
pubmed_primary_32906843
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms21186546
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ijms21186546
nii_cinii_1870583643227679872
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20200907
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-09-07
PublicationDate_xml – month: 9
  year: 2020
  text: 20200907
  day: 7
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle International Journal of Molecular Sciences
PublicationTitleAlternate Int J Mol Sci
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Kullmann (ref_102) 2013; 34
Chen (ref_147) 2013; 38
Kaufman (ref_4) 2000; 12
Bluthe (ref_64) 1994; 317
Roppongi (ref_113) 2010; 64
Sessarego (ref_130) 1993; 33
Vythilingam (ref_121) 2000; 99
Dinan (ref_165) 2013; 74
Armstead (ref_181) 2019; 123
Cryan (ref_164) 2012; 13
Maddison (ref_89) 2015; 40
Casey (ref_137) 2000; 48
Bisaga (ref_128) 1998; 155
Thornton (ref_88) 2006; 98
Bankier (ref_52) 2008; 29
Sugama (ref_180) 2019; 16
Moon (ref_143) 2014; 25
Cha (ref_152) 2014; 34
Wang (ref_68) 2003; 421
Mealy (ref_178) 1996; 162
Michopoulos (ref_5) 2017; 42
Mellor (ref_96) 1999; 20
Vieira (ref_53) 2010; 229
Zorn (ref_31) 2017; 77
Nordahl (ref_131) 1990; 3
Yang (ref_22) 2012; 77
Black (ref_169) 1964; 1
Peruzzo (ref_73) 2000; 132
Gustavson (ref_25) 2008; 294
Felger (ref_10) 2018; 16
Boyman (ref_54) 2012; 12
Wingo (ref_56) 2015; 43
Sobanski (ref_110) 2010; 40
Griffin (ref_29) 2005; 162
Jones (ref_37) 1985; 242
Hendrickson (ref_8) 2016; 284
Niederbichler (ref_185) 2010; 10
Dai (ref_167) 2008; 88
Shekhar (ref_24) 2005; 8
Banks (ref_74) 1989; 23
Chrousos (ref_19) 2000; 24
Asami (ref_115) 2008; 62
Gyoneva (ref_77) 2014; 62
Myint (ref_91) 2014; 48
Clancy (ref_193) 2014; 7
Dancho (ref_184) 2015; 44
Monk (ref_146) 2008; 65
Elman (ref_177) 1998; 96
Uchida (ref_116) 2008; 163
Lin (ref_12) 2020; 1191
Etkin (ref_156) 2009; 66
Paulesu (ref_149) 2010; 40
Luheshi (ref_65) 2000; 85
Nance (ref_9) 2007; 21
Thayer (ref_47) 1996; 39
Bower (ref_163) 2014; 43
Wade (ref_14) 1993; 150
Serroni (ref_57) 2017; 21
Goshen (ref_82) 2008; 33
Staufenbiel (ref_33) 2013; 38
Baldwin (ref_43) 2005; 19
Gavillet (ref_87) 2008; 56
Steenen (ref_170) 2016; 30
Manfro (ref_60) 2000; 11
Mantella (ref_32) 2008; 33
Barrientos (ref_81) 2003; 121
Hilbert (ref_144) 2015; 234
Han (ref_126) 2008; 42
Thayer (ref_45) 2009; 33
Buff (ref_153) 2018; 48
Cha (ref_138) 2016; 26
Thomas (ref_145) 2001; 58
Fabry (ref_76) 1993; 47
Sorrells (ref_21) 2009; 64
Inagaki (ref_107) 2012; 59
Roy (ref_157) 2013; 52
Wu (ref_83) 2007; 103
Zunszain (ref_98) 2012; 37
Laborde (ref_46) 2017; 8
Le (ref_79) 2009; 29
Harrison (ref_104) 2009; 66
Lai (ref_118) 2010; 20
Copeland (ref_51) 2012; 42
Charney (ref_42) 1989; 27
Vogelzangs (ref_50) 2013; 3
ref_100
Kohler (ref_158) 2016; 14
Condren (ref_26) 2002; 27
George (ref_191) 2008; 1
Hilbert (ref_155) 2014; 158
Kalk (ref_38) 2011; 25
Ida (ref_86) 2008; 432
Lueken (ref_133) 2013; 170
Bower (ref_160) 2016; 51
Eisenberger (ref_103) 2010; 68
Sakai (ref_127) 2005; 16
Hannibal (ref_16) 2014; 94
Robinson (ref_95) 2005; 25
Rhen (ref_18) 2005; 353
Pepys (ref_49) 2003; 111
Hayano (ref_117) 2009; 63
Lai (ref_123) 2011; 31
Risbrough (ref_30) 2006; 50
Heyes (ref_97) 1996; 320
Wittmann (ref_134) 2011; 261
Coryell (ref_35) 1989; 25
Muscatell (ref_105) 2015; 43
Mochcovitch (ref_11) 2014; 167
Komaki (ref_72) 1992; 262
Murakami (ref_90) 2013; 2013
Eren (ref_99) 2002; 13
Slavich (ref_101) 2010; 107
Giacobbe (ref_1) 2018; 24
Borovikova (ref_67) 2000; 405
Protopopescu (ref_112) 2006; 17
Yehuda (ref_7) 2009; 1179
Schreiber (ref_27) 1996; 15
Brantigan (ref_175) 1982; 72
Blair (ref_150) 2008; 165
Norman (ref_20) 2002; 2
Peracoli (ref_80) 2003; 5
Dresler (ref_108) 2013; 120
Yoo (ref_111) 2005; 22
Hoge (ref_59) 2009; 26
Morello (ref_168) 2007; 50
Schlund (ref_154) 2004; 131
Hoover (ref_183) 2017; 179
Zhang (ref_141) 2013; 148
Meibach (ref_171) 1987; 48
Quan (ref_62) 2007; 21
Guerrero (ref_70) 1992; 18
Goyal (ref_159) 2014; 174
Na (ref_132) 2013; 45
Jansen (ref_36) 1995; 270
Wohleb (ref_179) 2011; 31
Rapaport (ref_61) 1998; 43
Lee (ref_129) 2006; 40
Charney (ref_41) 1987; 144
Singewald (ref_3) 2015; 149
ref_58
ref_173
Wittmann (ref_136) 2014; 44
Irwin (ref_84) 2008; 64
ref_182
McClure (ref_148) 2007; 64
Lueken (ref_135) 2014; 44
Uchida (ref_120) 2003; 36
Harrison (ref_106) 2009; 66
Schienle (ref_140) 2011; 261
ref_69
Keshavan (ref_139) 2002; 51
ref_161
ref_166
Chalmers (ref_48) 2014; 5
Dantzer (ref_94) 2011; 36
Conway (ref_13) 2016; 125
Fries (ref_23) 2005; 30
Biber (ref_78) 2007; 30
Cristancho (ref_190) 2006; 3
Koo (ref_85) 2008; 105
Fujiwara (ref_125) 2011; 65
Massana (ref_119) 2003; 19
Kox (ref_192) 2015; 17
Woodward (ref_55) 2010; 131
Meregnani (ref_187) 2011; 160
Massana (ref_122) 2003; 160
Krain (ref_151) 2008; 63
Radua (ref_124) 2010; 67
Terlevic (ref_142) 2013; 146
Ericsson (ref_63) 1994; 14
Boumpas (ref_17) 1993; 119
Vreeburg (ref_34) 2010; 197
Grosz (ref_172) 1972; 2
Stephens (ref_15) 2012; 34
Xiang (ref_75) 2005; 11
Bower (ref_162) 2015; 121
Koopman (ref_186) 2014; 28
Aunis (ref_40) 1998; 181
Roth (ref_66) 2001; 34
Blechert (ref_44) 2007; 69
Drew (ref_174) 1985; 19
Asami (ref_109) 2009; 173
ref_188
Breder (ref_71) 1988; 240
Clark (ref_176) 1991; 148
ref_2
Sand (ref_39) 2002; 333
Dang (ref_92) 2000; 28
Dash (ref_189) 2016; 36
Erhardt (ref_28) 2006; 31
Gal (ref_93) 1980; 5
Lai (ref_114) 2011; 14
ref_6
References_xml – volume: 66
  start-page: 407
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: Inflammation causes mood changes through alterations in subgenual cingulate activity and mesolimbic connectivity
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015
– volume: 181
  start-page: 213
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Exocytosis in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Int. Rev. Cytol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60419-2
– volume: 284
  start-page: 181
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Noradrenergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of PTSD
  publication-title: Exp. Neurol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014
– volume: 16
  start-page: 266
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_180
  article-title: Stress-induced microglial activation occurs through beta-adrenergic receptor: Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in microglial activation
  publication-title: J. Neuroinflamm.
  doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1632-z
– volume: 40
  start-page: 134
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: The kynurenine pathway and neurodegenerative disease
  publication-title: Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.002
– volume: 174
  start-page: 357
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_159
  article-title: Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: JAMA Intern. Med.
  doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
– volume: 131
  start-page: 11
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_154
  article-title: Effects of citalopram on worry and brain activation in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.02.003
– volume: 121
  start-page: 847
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA downregulation produced by social isolation is blocked by intrahippocampal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00564-5
– volume: 24
  start-page: S50
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: The role of stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: Neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes
  publication-title: Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.
  doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801278
– volume: 48
  start-page: 617
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_153
  article-title: Directed threat imagery in generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001957
– volume: 148
  start-page: 598
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_176
  article-title: The assessment and treatment of performance anxiety in musicians
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.5.598
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_160
  article-title: Mind-body therapies and control of inflammatory biology: A descriptive review
  publication-title: Brain Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.012
– volume: 29
  start-page: 2089
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factoralpha signaling during peripheral organ inflammation
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3567-08.2009
– volume: 31
  start-page: 2515
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301168
– volume: 94
  start-page: 1816
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: A psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation
  publication-title: Phys. Ther.
  doi: 10.2522/ptj.20130597
– volume: 99
  start-page: 75
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_121
  article-title: Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder-a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00055-X
– volume: 197
  start-page: 180
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response
  publication-title: Br. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076869
– volume: 21
  start-page: 100
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Alexithymia, Suicide Ideation, C-Reactive Protein, and Serum Lipid Levels Among Outpatients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  publication-title: Arch. Suicide Res.
  doi: 10.1080/13811118.2015.1004485
– volume: 2
  start-page: 723
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Glucocorticoid resistance—What is known?
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1016/S1471-4892(02)00232-1
– volume: 88
  start-page: 1364
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_167
  article-title: Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and oxidative stress
  publication-title: Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
  doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26528
– volume: 36
  start-page: 426
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_94
  article-title: Inflammation-associated depression: From serotonin to kynurenine
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012
– volume: 43
  start-page: 20
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_163
  article-title: Yoga reduces inflammatory signaling in fatigued breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.019
– volume: 333
  start-page: 41
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) variants in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Neurosci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00984-9
– volume: 123
  start-page: 610
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_181
  article-title: Propranolol protects cerebral autoregulation and reduces hippocampal neuronal cell death through inhibition of interleukin-6 upregulation after traumatic brain injury in pigs
  publication-title: Br. J. Anaesth.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.017
– volume: 432
  start-page: 232
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Cytokine-induced enhancement of calcium-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes mediated by nitric oxide
  publication-title: Neurosci. Lett.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.047
– volume: 103
  start-page: 2471
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: Treadmill exercise counteracts the suppressive effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide on hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04987.x
– volume: 107
  start-page: 14817
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009164107
– volume: 50
  start-page: 550
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective
  publication-title: Horm. Behav.
  doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.019
– volume: 34
  start-page: 2217
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_102
  article-title: Neural response to emotional stimuli during experimental human endotoxemia
  publication-title: Hum. Brain. Mapp.
  doi: 10.1002/hbm.22063
– volume: 40
  start-page: 117
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_149
  article-title: Neural correlates of worry in generalized anxiety disorder and in normal controls: A functional MRI study
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291709005649
– volume: 144
  start-page: 1030
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety: Biochemical and behavioral correlates of yohimbine-induced panic attacks
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.8.1030
– volume: 13
  start-page: 89
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_99
  article-title: Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow changes in panic disorder with Tc99m-HMPAO SPECT
  publication-title: Turk. Psikiyatri. Derg.
– volume: 44
  start-page: 19
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_184
  article-title: Xanomeline suppresses excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine responses through neural signal-mediated pathways and improves survival in lethal inflammation
  publication-title: Brain Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.010
– volume: 20
  start-page: 469
  year: 1999
  ident: ref_96
  article-title: Tryptophan catabolism and T-cell tolerance: Immunosuppression by starvation?
  publication-title: Immunol. Today
  doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01520-0
– volume: 44
  start-page: 381
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_135
  article-title: Altered top-down and bottom-up processing of fear conditioning in panic disorder with agoraphobia
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000792
– volume: 20
  start-page: 676
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_118
  article-title: First episode drug-naive major depressive disorder with panic disorder: Gray matter deficits in limbic and default network structures
  publication-title: Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.002
– volume: 51
  start-page: 553
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_139
  article-title: Superior temporal gyrus volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01375-0
– volume: 317
  start-page: 499
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Lipopolysaccharide induces sickness behaviour in rats by a vagal mediated mechanism
  publication-title: C. R. Acad. Sci. III
– volume: 12
  start-page: 180
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1038/nri3156
– volume: 26
  start-page: 447
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Broad spectrum of cytokine abnormalities in panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
  publication-title: Depress. Anxiety
  doi: 10.1002/da.20564
– ident: ref_173
  doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003299.pub2
– volume: 132
  start-page: 10
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: A second look at the barriers of the medial basal hypothalamus
  publication-title: Exp. Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s002219900289
– volume: 1
  start-page: 112
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_191
  article-title: A pilot study of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.02.001
– volume: 14
  start-page: 897
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00897.1994
– volume: 12
  start-page: 69
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders
  publication-title: Depress. Anxiety.
  doi: 10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K
– volume: 47
  start-page: 23
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Production of the cytokines interleukin 1 and 6 by murine brain microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle pericytes
  publication-title: J. Neuroimmunol.
  doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90281-3
– volume: 173
  start-page: 128
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: Sexually dimorphic gray matter volume reduction in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.10.004
– volume: 270
  start-page: 644
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: Basis of the fight-or-flight response
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.270.5236.644
– volume: 1179
  start-page: 56
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder
  publication-title: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x
– ident: ref_100
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093432
– volume: 148
  start-page: 196
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_141
  article-title: White matter integrity alterations in first episode, treatment-naive generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: J. Affect. Disord.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.060
– volume: 2
  start-page: 564
  year: 1972
  ident: ref_172
  article-title: Narcotic withdrawal symptoms in heroin users treated with propranolol
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91959-9
– volume: 26
  start-page: 545
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_138
  article-title: Abnormal hippocampal structure and function in clinical anxiety and comorbid depression
  publication-title: Hippocampus
  doi: 10.1002/hipo.22566
– ident: ref_166
  doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1620425
– volume: 39
  start-page: 255
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0
– volume: 31
  start-page: 6277
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_179
  article-title: Beta-Adrenergic receptor antagonism prevents anxiety-like behavior and microglial reactivity induced by repeated social defeat
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0450-11.2011
– volume: 25
  start-page: 184
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_143
  article-title: Whole-brain gray matter volume abnormalities in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Voxel-based morphometry
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000100
– volume: 294
  start-page: E506
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Stimulation of both type I and type II corticosteroid receptors blunts counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in healthy man
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00589.2007
– volume: 17
  start-page: 361
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000203354.80438.1
– volume: 261
  start-page: 303
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_140
  article-title: Localized gray matter volume abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1007/s00406-010-0147-5
– volume: 33
  start-page: 2251
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: Intrahippocampal transplantation of transgenic neural precursor cells overexpressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chronic isolation-induced impairment in memory and neurogenesis
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301606
– volume: 65
  start-page: 365
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_125
  article-title: Midbrain volume increase in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02219.x
– volume: 42
  start-page: 254
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.146
– volume: 22
  start-page: 2089
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Putaminal gray matter volume decrease in panic disorder: An optimized voxel-based morphometry study
  publication-title: Eur. J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04394.x
– volume: 77
  start-page: 1041
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Current concepts in glucocorticoid resistance
  publication-title: Steroids
  doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.05.007
– volume: 8
  start-page: 213
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research—Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting
  publication-title: Front. Psychol.
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
– volume: 67
  start-page: 701
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_124
  article-title: Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders
  publication-title: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70
– volume: 30
  start-page: 596
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia
  publication-title: Trends Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.007
– volume: 58
  start-page: 1057
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_145
  article-title: Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children
  publication-title: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1057
– volume: 37
  start-page: 939
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: Interleukin-1beta: A new regulator of the kynurenine pathway affecting human hippocampal neurogenesis
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.277
– volume: 261
  start-page: 185
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_134
  article-title: A new paradigm (Westphal-Paradigm) to study the neural correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia
  publication-title: Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1007/s00406-010-0167-1
– volume: 320
  start-page: 595
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Human microglia convert l-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid
  publication-title: Biochem. J.
  doi: 10.1042/bj3200595
– volume: 160
  start-page: 566
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_122
  article-title: Parahippocampal gray matter density in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.566
– volume: 5
  start-page: 80
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Front. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080
– volume: 33
  start-page: 773
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Salivary cortisol is associated with diagnosis and severity of late-life generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.002
– volume: 7
  start-page: 871
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_193
  article-title: Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity
  publication-title: Brain Stimul.
  doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.031
– ident: ref_6
  doi: 10.1177/2470547017703993
– volume: 74
  start-page: 720
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_165
  article-title: Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001
– ident: ref_58
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123757
– volume: 62
  start-page: 1345
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Systemic inflammation regulates microglial responses to tissue damage in vivo
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/glia.22686
– volume: 17
  start-page: 150
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_192
  article-title: Transvenous vagus nerve stimulation does not modulate the innate immune response during experimental human endotoxemia: A randomized controlled study
  publication-title: Arthritis Res. Ther.
  doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0667-5
– volume: 30
  start-page: 1010
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: A new view on hypocortisolism
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.006
– ident: ref_188
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073581
– volume: 66
  start-page: 1361
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_156
  article-title: Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104
– volume: 111
  start-page: 1805
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: C-reactive protein: A critical update
  publication-title: J. Clin. Invest.
  doi: 10.1172/JCI200318921
– volume: 405
  start-page: 458
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/35013070
– volume: 44
  start-page: 2385
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_136
  article-title: Anticipating agoraphobic situations: The neural correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291713003085
– volume: 15
  start-page: 7
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in panic disorder
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00146-5
– volume: 48
  start-page: 304
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: Revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis
  publication-title: Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.008
– volume: 105
  start-page: 751
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: IL-1beta is an essential mediator of the antineurogenic and anhedonic effects of stress
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0708092105
– volume: 64
  start-page: 97
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_148
  article-title: Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.97
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1080
  year: 1964
  ident: ref_169
  article-title: A New Adrenergic Betareceptor Antagonist
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91275-9
– volume: 21
  start-page: 736
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)
  publication-title: Brain. Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.008
– volume: 170
  start-page: 1345
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_133
  article-title: Neural substrates of treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111484
– volume: 158
  start-page: 114
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_155
  article-title: Neural structures, functioning and connectivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and interaction with neuroendocrine systems: A systematic review
  publication-title: J. Affect. Disord.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.022
– volume: 229
  start-page: 212
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Enhanced Th17 phenotype in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: J. Neuroimmunol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.018
– volume: 56
  start-page: 975
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Modulation of astrocytic metabolic phenotype by proinflammatory cytokines
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/glia.20671
– volume: 66
  start-page: 415
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Neural origins of human sickness in interoceptive responses to inflammation
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.007
– volume: 25
  start-page: 989
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90287-4
– volume: 34
  start-page: 5855
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_152
  article-title: Hyper-reactive human ventral tegmental area and aberrant mesocorticolimbic connectivity in overgeneralization of fear in generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4868-13.2014
– volume: 3
  start-page: 261
  year: 1990
  ident: ref_131
  article-title: Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
– volume: 24
  start-page: 893
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Diagnosis and Management of Anxiety Disorders
  publication-title: Continuum. Minneap. Minn.
– volume: 48
  start-page: 355
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_171
  article-title: Comparative efficacy of propranolol, chlordiazepoxide, and placebo in the treatment of anxiety: A double-blind trial
  publication-title: J. Clin. Psychiatry
– volume: 25
  start-page: 3
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: The role of central noradrenergic dysregulation in anxiety disorders: Evidence from clinical studies
  publication-title: J. Psychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1177/0269881110367448
– volume: 167
  start-page: 336
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: A systematic review of fMRI studies in generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluating its neural and cognitive basis
  publication-title: J. Affect. Disord.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.041
– volume: 43
  start-page: 46
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_105
  article-title: Greater amygdala activity and dorsomedial prefrontal-amygdala coupling are associated with enhanced inflammatory responses to stress
  publication-title: Brain Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.201
– volume: 242
  start-page: 56
  year: 1985
  ident: ref_37
  article-title: The efferent projections from the reticular formation and the locus coeruleus studied by anterograde and retrograde axonal transport in the rat
  publication-title: J. Comp. Neurol.
  doi: 10.1002/cne.902420105
– volume: 43
  start-page: 184
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: Blood gene expression profiles suggest altered immune function associated with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Brain. Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.016
– volume: 160
  start-page: 82
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_187
  article-title: Anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease
  publication-title: Auton. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.007
– volume: 30
  start-page: 128
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_170
  article-title: Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: J. Psychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1177/0269881115612236
– volume: 240
  start-page: 321
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.3258444
– volume: 43
  start-page: 458
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Circulating lymphocyte phenotypic surface markers in anxiety disorder patients and normal volunteers
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00263-1
– volume: 262
  start-page: E246
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Effect of intravenous injection of IL-1 beta on PGE2 levels in several brain areas as determined by microdialysis
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.
– volume: 14
  start-page: 732
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_158
  article-title: Inflammation in Depression and the Potential for Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
  publication-title: Curr. Neuropharmacol.
  doi: 10.2174/1570159X14666151208113700
– volume: 96
  start-page: 283
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_177
  article-title: The effect of propranolol versus placebo on resident surgical performance
  publication-title: Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc.
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1267
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Strategies to create a regenerating environment for the injured spinal cord
  publication-title: Curr. Pharm. Des.
  doi: 10.2174/1381612053507431
– volume: 19
  start-page: 80
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_119
  article-title: Amygdalar atrophy in panic disorder patients detected by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00036-3
– volume: 155
  start-page: 1178
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_128
  article-title: Cerebral glucose metabolism in women with panic disorder
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.9.1178
– volume: 5
  start-page: 223
  year: 1980
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: L-kynurenine: Its synthesis and possible regulatory function in brain
  publication-title: Neurochem. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00964611
– volume: 68
  start-page: 748
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_103
  article-title: Inflammation-induced anhedonia: Endotoxin reduces ventral striatum responses to reward
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.010
– volume: 62
  start-page: 322
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_115
  article-title: Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01800.x
– volume: 64
  start-page: 538
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: Sleep loss activates cellular inflammatory signaling
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.004
– volume: 121
  start-page: 1231
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_162
  article-title: Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
  publication-title: Cancer
  doi: 10.1002/cncr.29194
– volume: 146
  start-page: 390
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_142
  article-title: Decreased hypothalamus volumes in generalized anxiety disorder but not in panic disorder
  publication-title: J. Affect. Disord.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.024
– volume: 5
  start-page: 413
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by monocytes from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis
  publication-title: Microbes Infect.
  doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00040-6
– volume: 40
  start-page: 528
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_129
  article-title: Decreased blood flow of temporal regions of the brain in subjects with panic disorder
  publication-title: J. Psychiatr. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.012
– volume: 120
  start-page: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Revise the revised? New dimensions of the neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder
  publication-title: J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)
  doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0811-1
– volume: 98
  start-page: 258
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: Interleukin-1-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by glia and requires caspase activation and free radical release
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03872.x
– volume: 48
  start-page: 51
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_137
  article-title: A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00835-0
– volume: 16
  start-page: 533
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Imaging the Role of Inflammation in Mood and Anxiety-related Disorders
  publication-title: Curr. Neuropharmacol.
  doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171123201142
– volume: 23
  start-page: 433
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Bidirectional transport of interleukin-1 alpha across the blood-brain barrier
  publication-title: Brain Res. Bull.
  doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90185-8
– volume: 42
  start-page: 399
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_126
  article-title: Altered cingulate white matter connectivity in panic disorder patients
  publication-title: J. Psychiatr. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.03.002
– volume: 27
  start-page: 693
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: HPA axis response to a psychological stressor in generalised social phobia
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00070-1
– volume: 64
  start-page: 318
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_113
  article-title: Posterior orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern associated with orbitofrontal cortex volume reduction and anxiety trait in panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02085.x
– volume: 28
  start-page: 615
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Comparative effects of oxygen on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase of the kynurenine pathway
  publication-title: Free Radic. Biol. Med.
  doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00272-5
– volume: 165
  start-page: 1193
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_150
  article-title: Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence for separate disorders
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071060
– volume: 353
  start-page: 1711
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids--new mechanisms for old drugs
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra050541
– volume: 125
  start-page: 53
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Chronic environmental stress and the temporal course of depression and panic disorder: A trait-state-occasion modeling approach
  publication-title: J. Abnorm. Psychol.
  doi: 10.1037/abn0000122
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1220
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015
– volume: 162
  start-page: 1192
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Enhanced cortisol suppression following dexamethasone administration in domestic violence survivors
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1192
– volume: 11
  start-page: 31
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Cell-surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L) by blood lymphocytes: Correlates with affective parameters and severity of panic disorder
  publication-title: Depress. Anxiety
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(2000)11:1<31::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-O
– volume: 33
  start-page: 505
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_130
  article-title: Brain perfusion abnormalities in drug-naive, lactate-sensitive panic patients: A SPECT study
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90004-W
– volume: 69
  start-page: 935
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Autonomic and respiratory characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychosom. Med.
  doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815a8f6b
– volume: 34
  start-page: 468
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Stress and the HPA axis: Role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence
  publication-title: Alcohol Res.
– volume: 33
  start-page: 81
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration
  publication-title: Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004
– volume: 59
  start-page: 3222
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: Inflammation selectively enhances amygdala activity to socially threatening images
  publication-title: Neuroimage
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.090
– volume: 19
  start-page: 567
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_43
  article-title: Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
  publication-title: J. Psychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1177/0269881105059253
– volume: 85
  start-page: 127
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Vagotomy attenuates the behavioural but not the pyrogenic effects of interleukin-1 in rats
  publication-title: Auton. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00231-9
– volume: 31
  start-page: 287
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_123
  article-title: Gray matter deficits in panic disorder: A pilot study of meta-analysis
  publication-title: J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31821a1045
– volume: 21
  start-page: 727
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Brain-immune communication pathways
  publication-title: Brain Behav. Immun.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.005
– volume: 64
  start-page: 33
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: The stressed CNS: When glucocorticoids aggravate inflammation
  publication-title: Neuron
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.032
– ident: ref_182
  doi: 10.3390/cells9061373
– volume: 179
  start-page: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_183
  article-title: Cholinergic modulation of the immune system presents new approaches for treating inflammation
  publication-title: Pharmacol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002
– volume: 8
  start-page: 209
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Role of stress, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and amygdala plasticity in chronic anxiety
  publication-title: Stress
  doi: 10.1080/10253890500504557
– volume: 36
  start-page: 925
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_120
  article-title: Decreased left temporal lobe volume of panic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging
  publication-title: Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
  doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2003000700014
– volume: 34
  start-page: 301
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Fever induction pathways: Evidence from responses to systemic or local cytokine formation
  publication-title: Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
  doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2001000300003
– volume: 36
  start-page: 2809
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_189
  article-title: Activation of Alpha 7 Cholinergic Nicotinic Receptors Reduce Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3197-15.2016
– volume: 16
  start-page: 927
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_127
  article-title: Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/00001756-200506210-00010
– volume: 45
  start-page: 195
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_132
  article-title: Decreased gray matter volume of the medial orbitofrontal cortex in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A preliminary study
  publication-title: Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.014
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1879
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_110
  article-title: Temporal and right frontal lobe alterations in panic disorder: A quantitative volumetric and voxel-based morphometric MRI study
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291709991930
– volume: 50
  start-page: 487
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_168
  article-title: Antihypertensive drugs and the sympathetic nervous system
  publication-title: J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e318135446c
– ident: ref_161
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100903
– volume: 131
  start-page: 118
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: The anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-4 are not mediated by suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS1)
  publication-title: Immunology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03281.x
– ident: ref_69
– volume: 149
  start-page: 150
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Pharmacology of cognitive enhancers for exposure-based therapy of fear, anxiety and trauma-related disorders
  publication-title: Pharmacol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004
– volume: 10
  start-page: e45
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_185
  article-title: Burn-induced organ dysfunction: Vagus nerve stimulation improves cardiac function
  publication-title: Eplasty
– volume: 3
  start-page: 54
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_190
  article-title: Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) and Treatment of Depression: To the Brainstem and Beyond
  publication-title: Psychiatry (Edgmont)
– volume: 77
  start-page: 25
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036
– volume: 150
  start-page: 1491
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Chronic life stress and treatment outcome in agoraphobia with panic attacks
  publication-title: Am. J. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.10.1491
– volume: 119
  start-page: 1198
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: Basic and clinical correlates
  publication-title: Ann. Intern. Med.
  doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-12-199312150-00007
– volume: 52
  start-page: 290
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_157
  article-title: Intrinsic functional connectivity of amygdala-based networks in adolescent generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.010
– volume: 13
  start-page: 701
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_164
  article-title: Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1038/nrn3346
– volume: 19
  start-page: 783
  year: 1985
  ident: ref_174
  article-title: The effect of acute beta-adrenoceptor blockade on examination performance
  publication-title: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb02714.x
– volume: 421
  start-page: 384
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature01339
– volume: 14
  start-page: 225
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_114
  article-title: A subtle grey-matter increase in first-episode, drug-naive major depressive disorder with panic disorder after 6 weeks’ duloxetine therapy
  publication-title: Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.
  doi: 10.1017/S1461145710000829
– volume: 38
  start-page: 1889
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_147
  article-title: Hippocampal network connectivity and activation differentiates post-traumatic stress disorder from generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology
  doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.122
– volume: 3
  start-page: e249
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Anxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort
  publication-title: Transl. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1038/tp.2013.27
– volume: 163
  start-page: 21
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_116
  article-title: Regional gray matter abnormalities in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.015
– volume: 2013
  start-page: 391984
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Remarkable role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolites in infectious diseases: Potential role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases
  publication-title: Mediators Inflamm.
  doi: 10.1155/2013/391984
– volume: 27
  start-page: 173
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90132-7
– volume: 234
  start-page: 314
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_144
  article-title: Gray and white matter volume abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder by categorical and dimensional characterization
  publication-title: Psychiatry Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.009
– volume: 1191
  start-page: 93
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Gene-Environment Interactions and Role of Epigenetics in Anxiety Disorders
  publication-title: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
  doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_6
– volume: 65
  start-page: 568
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_146
  article-title: Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder
  publication-title: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.568
– volume: 63
  start-page: 563
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_151
  article-title: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of uncertainty in adolescents with anxiety disorders
  publication-title: Biol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.011
– volume: 162
  start-page: 11
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_178
  article-title: Propranolol reduces the anxiety associated with day case surgery
  publication-title: Eur. J. Surg.
– volume: 42
  start-page: 2641
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Generalized anxiety and C-reactive protein levels: A prospective, longitudinal analysis
  publication-title: Psychol. Med.
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000554
– ident: ref_2
  doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
– volume: 25
  start-page: 20
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: The role of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha-responsive regulatory elements in the synergistic induction of indoleamine dioxygenase
  publication-title: J. Interferon Cytokine Res.
  doi: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.20
– volume: 72
  start-page: 88
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_175
  article-title: Effect of beta blockade and beta stimulation on stage fright
  publication-title: Am. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90592-7
– volume: 28
  start-page: 625
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_186
  article-title: Vagus nerve stimulation: A new bioelectronics approach to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
  publication-title: Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.015
– volume: 63
  start-page: 266
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: Smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder
  publication-title: Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01960.x
– volume: 18
  start-page: 91
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: A brief survey of pineal gland-immune system interrelationships
  publication-title: Endocr. Res.
  doi: 10.1080/07435809209035401
– volume: 29
  start-page: 2212
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Association between C-reactive protein and generalized anxiety disorder in stable coronary heart disease patients
  publication-title: Eur. Heart. J.
  doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn326
SSID ssib045324269
ssib045324863
ssib045324744
ssib045324715
ssib045324737
ssib045324935
ssj0023259
ssib045323856
ssib045318922
ssib045323854
ssib045318936
ssib045318912
ssib045318923
ssib045318934
ssib045324190
Score 2.58859
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Stress-induced changes in the immune system, which lead to neuroinflammation and consequent brain alterations, have been suggested as possible neurobiological...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
nii
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 6546
SubjectTerms Adrenergic receptors
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis
Anxiety Disorders - metabolism
Anxiety Disorders - physiopathology
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - analysis
Brain
Brain - metabolism
Catecholamines
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Fear & phobias
Feedback
Generalized anxiety disorder
Heart rate
Hormones
Humans
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - physiopathology
Hypothalamus
Immune system
Inflammation
Inflammation - metabolism
Influence
Mental disorders
Nervous system
Neurobiology
Neuroimmunomodulation
Neuroimmunomodulation - immunology
Neuroimmunomodulation - physiology
Neurons
Neurons - metabolism
Panic attacks
Pathophysiology
Pituitary gland
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Pituitary-Adrenal System - physiopathology
Review
Stress
Stress, Psychological
Stress, Psychological - metabolism
Stress, Psychological - physiopathology
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1ba9VAEB7aUwRfxLupraygT7I02Us2eRA5lZYieChioW9hs7vBSJvU5hTqv3cmN3tEfUkeMizLzuzOTHbm-wDeqMTISpiSx7KKuZLW4JZKBcfYNC115nPpqBv58yo9OVOfzvX5FqymXhgqq5zOxP6g9q2jf-QH6IbQd-WYMny4-sGJNYpuVycKDTtSK_j3PcTYNuzgkazjBewcHq1Ov8wpmBQ9fVqCXomnOk-HUniJif9B_f2yw2woo-6eDSe13dT13-LPP8so7_il44fwYAwo2XKwgEewFZrHcG-gmPz5BOoefQPNCDU_dCnySSPBs-VFD6pMpsfaimEwyA6JM4LZjp22a6okwrFpCHzhmJdUzHPdMZRYNrdU7skm-M7uKZwdH339eMJHegXuMAhc82C1Cnksg1GZLC1GJiHOjcMtqmIvjM-cSQL6LpflIdeVIKw4Z6iR1aHfE14-g0XTNuEFMJuU3orcmbjM0Ssqa50yWVUmxAPs0zKCd9N6Fm7EHicKjIsCcxBa_eLu6kfwdpa-GjA3_iG3j6rBAemZ4MGjM4kBlhCGrpaMiGBvUlox7syu-G1HEbyeP-OeoosS24T2ZpBJY6W0ieD5oON5IpLw8TMlIzAb2p8FCK9780tTf-txu40meDe1-_9pvYT7gnJ6urQye7BYX9-EfQx81uWr0Zp_AWkLADM
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders
URI https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1870583643227679872
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32906843
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2441909026
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2441604457
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7555994
Volume 21
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nb9NAEB01rUC9IL4xtNEiwQkZ7P3w7h4QSlFDhURVISLlZtnrtTBKnTZOpfbfM2PHVgPlwsU5eLxy9u163mhm3wC8kbEWJdd5GIkyCqXING6phIfITZNcmcIKR6eRv50mJzP5da7mO9B3G91MYHNnaEf9pGarxfvry5tPuOE_UsSJIfuH6td5g3GMoXM5I9hrM0VUxCeHfALSBmW7sve_ntiH-4I0z40UW75pVFfVXbTzz-rJW-5o-hAebHgkm3TAP4IdXz-Ge11nyZsnULWiG_h_EPDucGLYA-ELNlm0Wsq04tiyZMgB2RG1imBZw86WayogwrFpCPzBMc-phmfVMLSY1NdU5cl61c7mKcymxz8-n4SbrgqhQ-63Dn2mpLeR8FoakWdISHxktcOdKaOC68I4HXt0Wc5Yb1XJSSLOaTq_6tDd8UI8g916WfsXwLI4LzJunY5yi5Mus8xJbco8pva_RZIH8K6fz9RtJMep88UixdCDgEhvAxHA28H6opPa-IfdIUKDA9I1xu-NMgJ5FeeaMkqaB3DQg5b26ylFFoPUx2LEGcDr4TZuJcqPZLVfXnU2SSSl0gE87zAeXqRfIgHoLfQHA5Lp3r5TVz9buW6tSNVNvvzvJ1_BPqcon9JY-gB216srf4hUaJ2PYaTnGq9m-mUMe0fHp2ffx-Sc1Lhd_78BJfkMJg
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3NT9VAEJ_AI0Yvxk-sgq6JnExDu7vtdg_EPBTyEHghBhJudbvdxhroQ_qI8s_5tznTL3lGvXFpD51Mmp3Z-did-Q3AGxkqUXCV-YEoAl8Ko3BLxdzH2DTOoiTXwlI38uE0npzIj6fR6RL87HthqKyyt4mNoc5nls7IN9ENoe_SmDK8u_jm09Qoul3tR2iYbrRCvtVAjHWNHfvu-jumcPXW3geU9wbnuzvH7yd-N2XAtxgLzX1nIul0IJySicgMOmgXaGVRU2WQc5UnVoUOTbhNtNNRwQkyzSrq57Ro_nkukO8yrEg6QBnByvbO9OjTkPIJ3oxrC9EL-nGk47b0XggdbJZfz2vMvhLqJlpwistVWf4t3v2zbPOGH9x9APe7AJaNW417CEuuegR32pGW14-hbNA-UG1R09quSL_XAJez8VkD4kyqzmYFw-CTbdOMCmZqdjSbU-US8iYW-EKe51Q8dFkzpBhXP6i8lPVwofUTOLmVhX4Ko2pWuWfATJjlhmurgkyjF5bGWKmSIgtp7nAeZx687dcztR3WOY3cOEsx56HVT2-uvgcbA_VFi_HxD7p1FA0ypGeIhi5KBAZ0nCu6ylLcg7VeaGlnCer0t9568Hr4jHuYLmZM5WZXLU0cSBkpD1ZbGQ8_IgiPP5HCA7Ug_YGA8MEXv1TllwYnXEUEJyef__-3XsHdyfHhQXqwN91_Afc4nSfQhZlag9H88sqtY9A1z152ms3g821vpl9LeDq8
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB71IRAXxLMEWjASPaFoE9uJ40OFtrSrlsJqhajUW3AcRwS1SWm2gv5FfhUzeSxdBNx6SQ4ZjSzPeB7xzDcAr2SoRMFV5geiCHwpjMIjFXMfY9M4i5JcC0vdyB-m8cGxfHcSnazAz6EXhsoqB5vYGuq8tvSPfIRuCH2XxpRhVPRlEbO9yZvzbz5NkKKb1mGchunHLOQ7LdxY3-Rx5K6-YzrX7Bzuoey3OZ_sf3p74PcTB3yLcdHcdyaSTgfCKZmIzKCzdoFWFrVWBjlXeWJV6NCc20Q7HRWc4NOsot5Oi66A5wL5rsK6Qq-PieD67v509nGR_gnejm4L0SP6caTjrgxfCB2Myq9nDWZiCXUWLTnI1aos_xb7_lnCec0nTu7B3T6YZeNO--7DiqsewK1uvOXVQyhb5A9UYdS6rkPSH7TB5Wx82gI6k9qzumAYiLJdmlfBTMNm9ZyqmJA3scAX8jyjQqKLhiHFuPpBpaZsgA5tHsHxjWz0Y1ir6so9AWbCLDdcWxVkGj2yNMZKlRRZSDOI8zjz4PWwn6ntcc9p_MZpivkP7X56ffc92F5Qn3d4H_-g20LRIEN6hmj0okRgcMe5omstxT3YHISW9lahSX_rsAcvF5_xPNMljalcfdnRxIGUkfJgo5PxYiGCsPkTKTxQS9JfEBBW-PKXqvzSYoariKDl5NP_L-sF3MZDlb4_nB49gzucfi3Q3ZnahLX5xaXbwvhrnj3vFZvB55s-S78AQzo_AA
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neuroinflammation-Associated+Alterations+of+the+Brain+as+Potential+Neural+Biomarkers+in+Anxiety+Disorders&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+molecular+sciences&rft.au=Won%2C+Eunsoo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Yong-Ku&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.eissn=1422-0067&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=18&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijms21186546&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32906843&rft.externalDocID=PMC7555994
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1422-0067&client=summon