Are cell phones an indicator of personal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers?
Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying produ...
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| Published in | Environment international Vol. 122; pp. 104 - 116 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier Ltd
01.01.2019
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0160-4120 1873-6750 1873-6750 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.021 |
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| Abstract | Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.
To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways.
Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites.
Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8–33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites.
Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake.
[Display omitted]
•OPE urinary metabolites in women 18–44 related to parent compounds on cell phones.•OPE levels on hands correlated with those on cell phones and other handheld devices.•OPE concentrations higher on surfaces of handheld than non-handheld electronics•OPE urinary metabolites not related to levels in residential air•Cell phones may be a source and indicator of OPE exposure. |
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| AbstractList | Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.BACKGROUNDExposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways.OBJECTIVESTo investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways.Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites.METHODSWomen in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites.Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8-33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites.RESULTSFive-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8-33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites.Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake.CONCLUSIONSHandheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake. Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways.Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites.Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8–33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites.Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake. Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways. Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites. Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8–33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites. Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake. [Display omitted] •OPE urinary metabolites in women 18–44 related to parent compounds on cell phones.•OPE levels on hands correlated with those on cell phones and other handheld devices.•OPE concentrations higher on surfaces of handheld than non-handheld electronics•OPE urinary metabolites not related to levels in residential air•Cell phones may be a source and indicator of OPE exposure. Background: Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. Objectives: To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways. Methods: Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites. Results: Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8–33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites. Conclusions: Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake. Keywords: Organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure, OPE indoor concentrations, OPE exposure pathways, OPEs in electronic devices, Cell phone exposure pathway, Hand exposure pathway Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways. Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites. Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8-33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites. Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake. |
| Author | St-Jean, Melissa Harris, Shelley A. You, Hongyu Kulka, Ryan Siddique, Shabana Jantunen, Liisa M. Kubwabo, Cariton Fraser, Bruce Tsirlin, Dina De La Campa, Regina Diamond, Miriam L. Yang, Congqiao Latifovic, Lidija |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Congqiao surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Congqiao organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Shelley A. surname: Harris fullname: Harris, Shelley A. organization: Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: Liisa M. surname: Jantunen fullname: Jantunen, Liisa M. organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Shabana surname: Siddique fullname: Siddique, Shabana organization: Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Cariton surname: Kubwabo fullname: Kubwabo, Cariton organization: Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 6 givenname: Dina surname: Tsirlin fullname: Tsirlin, Dina organization: Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 7 givenname: Lidija surname: Latifovic fullname: Latifovic, Lidija organization: Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 8 givenname: Bruce surname: Fraser fullname: Fraser, Bruce organization: Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 9 givenname: Melissa surname: St-Jean fullname: St-Jean, Melissa organization: Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 10 givenname: Regina surname: De La Campa fullname: De La Campa, Regina organization: Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 11 givenname: Hongyu surname: You fullname: You, Hongyu organization: Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 12 givenname: Ryan surname: Kulka fullname: Kulka, Ryan organization: Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 13 givenname: Miriam L. orcidid: 0000-0001-6296-6431 surname: Diamond fullname: Diamond, Miriam L. email: miriam.diamond@utoronto.ca organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30522823$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Cell phone exposure pathway OPE indoor concentrations OPE exposure pathways Organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure Hand exposure pathway OPEs in electronic devices |
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| PublicationPlace | Netherlands |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Netherlands |
| PublicationTitle | Environment international |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Environ Int |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd – name: Elsevier |
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| Snippet | Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.
To investigate relationships... Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.BACKGROUNDExposure to... Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity.To investigate relationships... Background: Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. Objectives: To... |
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| SubjectTerms | air Canada Cell phone exposure pathway dust electronic equipment flame retardants Hand exposure pathway hands metabolites mobile telephones OPE exposure pathways OPE indoor concentrations OPEs in electronic devices Organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure organophosphorus compounds plasticizers questionnaires regression analysis television urine |
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| Title | Are cell phones an indicator of personal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers? |
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