Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of 'pristine' peri-implant pockets
Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Methods: This prospective, split‐mouth, single‐blind study followed...
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| Published in | Clinical oral implants research Vol. 17; no. 1; pp. 25 - 37 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Munksgaard International Publishers
01.02.2006
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0905-7161 1600-0501 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01194.x |
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| Abstract | Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis.
Methods: This prospective, split‐mouth, single‐blind study followed the colonization of ‘pristine’ sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these ‘fresh’ peri‐implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra‐subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths).
Results: Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization and real‐time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri‐implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri‐implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri‐implant pockets only slightly increased (±0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types.
Conclusions: This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri‐implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. |
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| AbstractList | Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis.BACKGROUNDPeriodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis.This prospective, split-mouth, single-blind study followed the colonization of 'pristine' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these 'fresh' peri-implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra-subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths).METHODSThis prospective, split-mouth, single-blind study followed the colonization of 'pristine' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these 'fresh' peri-implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra-subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths).Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri-implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased (+/-0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types.RESULTSCheckerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri-implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased (+/-0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types.This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks.CONCLUSIONSThis study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Methods: This prospective, split‐mouth, single‐blind study followed the colonization of ‘pristine’ sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these ‘fresh’ peri‐implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra‐subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths). Results: Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization and real‐time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri‐implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri‐implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri‐implant pockets only slightly increased (±0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types. Conclusions: This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri‐implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. Background: Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction-eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Methods: This prospective, split-mouth, single-blind study followed the colonization of 'pristine' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these 'fresh' peri-implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra-subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths). Results: Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri-implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased ( plus or minus 0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types. Conclusions: This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Methods: This prospective, split‐mouth, single‐blind study followed the colonization of ‘pristine’ sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these ‘fresh’ peri‐implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra‐subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths). Results: Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization and real‐time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri‐implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri‐implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri‐implant pockets only slightly increased (±0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types. Conclusions: This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri‐implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis. This prospective, split-mouth, single-blind study followed the colonization of 'pristine' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery (e.g. abutment connection). The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these 'fresh' peri-implant pockets would soon (within 2 weeks) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters (reference sites), including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Per patient, four subgingival plaque samples were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants (test sites), and teeth within the same quadrant (undisturbed microbiota as control sites), 1, 2, 4, 13, 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection, respectively. The samples were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, or cultural techniques, or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for intra-subject comparisons (teeth vs. implant, for comparable probing depths). Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota (including several pathogenic species) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection. After 7 days, the detection frequency for most species (including the bacteria associated with periodontitis) was already nearly identical in samples from the fresh peri-implant pockets (5% and 20% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively) when compared with samples from the reference teeth. Afterwards (e.g. between weeks 2 and 13), the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased (+/-0.1 log value), with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis (8% and 33% of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex, respectively). Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques, a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on, with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types. This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeks. |
| Author | Haffajee, Anne Vogels, Roel Peeters, Wouter van Steenberghe, Daniel Naert, Ignace Quirynen, Marc |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Marc surname: Quirynen fullname: Quirynen, Marc organization: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 2 givenname: Roel surname: Vogels fullname: Vogels, Roel organization: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 3 givenname: Wouter surname: Peeters fullname: Peeters, Wouter organization: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 4 givenname: Daniel surname: van Steenberghe fullname: van Steenberghe, Daniel organization: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 5 givenname: Ignace surname: Naert fullname: Naert, Ignace organization: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 6 givenname: Anne surname: Haffajee fullname: Haffajee, Anne organization: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441782$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore... Background: Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore... Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the... Background: Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens. The treatment of these infectious processes therefore... |
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| SubjectTerms | Bacteria - isolation & purification colonization Colony Count, Microbial cross-contamination Dental Abutments - adverse effects Dental Implantation, Endosseous - adverse effects Dental Implants - adverse effects dental plaque Dental Plaque Index DNA, Bacterial - analysis Female Humans implants Jaw, Edentulous, Partially - microbiology Male Nucleic Acid Hybridization - methods peri-implantitis Periodontal Index Periodontal Pocket - etiology Periodontal Pocket - microbiology periodontitis plaque growth Polymerase Chain Reaction Prospective Studies Regression Analysis Single-Blind Method Statistics, Nonparametric translocation |
| Title | Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of 'pristine' peri-implant pockets |
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