Methyl Viologens of Bis‐(4’‐Pyridylethynyl)Arenes – Structures, Photophysical and Electrochemical Studies, and their Potential Application in Biology

A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photo...

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Published inChemistry : a European journal Vol. 28; no. 40; pp. e202200753 - n/a
Main Authors Kole, Goutam Kumar, Košćak, Marta, Amar, Anissa, Majhen, Dragomira, Božinović, Ksenija, Brkljaca, Zlatko, Ferger, Matthias, Michail, Evripidis, Lorenzen, Sabine, Friedrich, Alexandra, Krummenacher, Ivo, Moos, Michael, Braunschweig, Holger, Boucekkine, Abdou, Lambert, Christoph, Halet, Jean‐François, Piantanida, Ivo, Müller‐Buschbaum, Klaus, Marder, Todd B.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published WEINHEIM Wiley 15.07.2022
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Wiley-VCH Verlag
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0947-6539
1521-3765
1521-3765
DOI10.1002/chem.202200753

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Abstract A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds‐DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene‐analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi‐faceted features, in combination with its two‐photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light‐activated theranostic agents. Methyl‐viologens containing π‐extended bis(N‐methylpyridiniumethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, anthracene) were crystallographically characterized and their electrochemical properties and one‐ and two‐photon absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured. With DNA/RNA, while the benzene and tetrafluorobenzene analogues bind in grooves, the anthracene analogue intercalates due to its large aromatic moiety, and aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. The latter compound localizes within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA, but exhibited cytotoxicity upon photoexcitation, due to 1O2 generation within cells.
AbstractList A series of bis-(4'-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis-N-methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π-extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis-N-methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds-DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene-analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi-faceted features, in combination with its two-photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light-activated theranostic agents.
A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐ N ‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis‐ N ‐methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds‐DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene‐analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi‐faceted features, in combination with its two‐photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light‐activated theranostic agents.
A series of bis-(4'-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis-N-methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of pi-extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis-N-methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds-DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at <= 10 mu M concentrations. The anthracene-analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 mu M concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi-faceted features, in combination with its two-photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light-activated theranostic agents.
A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds‐DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene‐analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi‐faceted features, in combination with its two‐photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light‐activated theranostic agents. Methyl‐viologens containing π‐extended bis(N‐methylpyridiniumethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, anthracene) were crystallographically characterized and their electrochemical properties and one‐ and two‐photon absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured. With DNA/RNA, while the benzene and tetrafluorobenzene analogues bind in grooves, the anthracene analogue intercalates due to its large aromatic moiety, and aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. The latter compound localizes within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA, but exhibited cytotoxicity upon photoexcitation, due to 1O2 generation within cells.
A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π‐extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two‐photon absorption cross‐section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds‐DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene‐analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi‐faceted features, in combination with its two‐photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light‐activated theranostic agents.In memory of Prof. Em. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Siegfried Hünig.
A series of bis-(4'-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis-N-methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π-extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis-N-methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds-DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene-analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi-faceted features, in combination with its two-photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light-activated theranostic agents.A series of bis-(4'-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis-N-methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π-extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties (cyclic voltammetry), as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. All of the compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (<4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous bis-N-methylpyridinium compound showed a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, condensed aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. Moreover, all cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds-DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤10 μM concentrations. The anthracene-analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 μM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These multi-faceted features, in combination with its two-photon absorption properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of novel light-activated theranostic agents.
A series of bis-(4’-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene = benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis- N -methylpyridinium compounds were investigated as a class of π-extended methyl viologens. Their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as their interactions with DNA/RNA were investigated. The dications showed bathochromic shifts in emission compared to the neutral compounds. The neutral compounds showed very small Stokes shifts, which are a little larger for the dications. The compounds showed very short fluorescence lifetimes (< 4 ns). The neutral compound with an anthracene core has a quantum yield of almost unity. With stronger acceptors, the analogous dicationic compound showed a larger 2-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section than its neutral precursor. All of the dicationic compounds interact with DNA/RNA; while the compounds with benzene and tetrafluorobenzene cores bind in the grooves, the one with an anthracene core intercalates as a consequence of its large, aromatic linker moiety, and it aggregates within the polynucleotide when in excess over DNA/RNA. All cationic compounds showed highly specific CD spectra upon binding to ds-DNA/RNA, attributed to the rare case of forcing the planar, achiral molecule into a chiral rotamer, and negligible toxicity toward human cell lines at ≤ 10 µM concentrations. The anthracene-analogue exhibited intracellular accumulation within lysosomes, preventing its interaction with cellular DNA/RNA. However, cytotoxicity was evident at 1 µM concentration upon exposure to light, due to singlet oxygen generation within cells. These features, in combination with its TPA properties, suggest it to be a promising lead compound for development of light-activated theranostic agents.
ArticleNumber 202200753
Author Krummenacher, Ivo
Majhen, Dragomira
Braunschweig, Holger
Lambert, Christoph
Božinović, Ksenija
Friedrich, Alexandra
Brkljaca, Zlatko
Halet, Jean‐François
Marder, Todd B.
Michail, Evripidis
Müller‐Buschbaum, Klaus
Piantanida, Ivo
Kole, Goutam Kumar
Boucekkine, Abdou
Lorenzen, Sabine
Košćak, Marta
Amar, Anissa
Ferger, Matthias
Moos, Michael
AuthorAffiliation 7 CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS IRL 3629 Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan
1 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
8 Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
2 Department of Chemistry College of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu 603203 India
3 Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb Croatia
4 Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantiques Université Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou 15000 Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
5 Institut für Organische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
6 Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226 3
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– name: 8 Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
– name: 3 Ruđer Bošković Institute 10000 Zagreb Croatia
– name: 7 CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS IRL 3629 Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan
– name: 2 Department of Chemistry College of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu 603203 India
– name: 1 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
– name: 4 Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantiques Université Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou 15000 Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
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  givenname: Goutam Kumar
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1503-0574
  surname: Kole
  fullname: Kole, Goutam Kumar
  organization: SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar
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  givenname: Marta
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  surname: Amar
  fullname: Amar, Anissa
  organization: Université Mouloud Mammeri
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  surname: Majhen
  fullname: Majhen, Dragomira
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  givenname: Ksenija
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  givenname: Zlatko
  surname: Brkljaca
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  organization: Ruđer Bošković Institute
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  givenname: Matthias
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9280-0619
  surname: Ferger
  fullname: Ferger, Matthias
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Evripidis
  surname: Michail
  fullname: Michail, Evripidis
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Sabine
  surname: Lorenzen
  fullname: Lorenzen, Sabine
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Alexandra
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1411-7336
  surname: Friedrich
  fullname: Friedrich, Alexandra
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Ivo
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9537-1506
  surname: Krummenacher
  fullname: Krummenacher, Ivo
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Michael
  surname: Moos
  fullname: Moos, Michael
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Holger
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9264-1726
  surname: Braunschweig
  fullname: Braunschweig, Holger
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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  givenname: Abdou
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3714-7191
  surname: Boucekkine
  fullname: Boucekkine, Abdou
  organization: Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Christoph
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9652-9165
  surname: Lambert
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  givenname: Jean‐François
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2315-4200
  surname: Halet
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  email: jean-francois.halet@univ-rennes1.fr
  organization: National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
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  givenname: Ivo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9933-446X
  surname: Piantanida
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  email: Ivo.Piantanida@irb.hr
  organization: Ruđer Bošković Institute
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  givenname: Klaus
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2857-8379
  surname: Müller‐Buschbaum
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  email: Klaus.Mueller-Buschbaum@anorg.chemie.uni-giessen.de
  organization: Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
– sequence: 19
  givenname: Todd B.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9990-0169
  surname: Marder
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  email: todd.marder@uni-wuerzburg.de
  organization: Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
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Issue 40
Keywords DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID
OPTICAL-PROPERTIES
TRIARYLBORANE CHROMOPHORES
methyl viologen
CIRCULAR-DICHROISM
singlet oxygen
DNA
PI-CONJUGATION
two-photon absorption
cell imaging
INTERCALATING NUCLEIC-ACIDS
ETHIDIUM-BROMIDE
2-PHOTON ABSORPTION PROPERTIES
COORDINATION POLYMERS
RNA binding
SINGLET-OXYGEN
DNA/RNA binding
DNA/RNA Binding
Singlet oxygen
Methyl Viologen
Language English
License Attribution
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SSID ssj0009633
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Snippet A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐N‐methylpyridinium compounds were...
A series of bis‐(4’‐pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis‐ N ‐methylpyridinium compounds...
A series of bis-(4'-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene=benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis-N-methylpyridinium compounds were...
A series of bis-(4’-pyridylethynyl)arenes (arene = benzene, tetrafluorobenzene, and anthracene) were synthesized and their bis- N -methylpyridinium compounds...
Source Web of Science
SourceID pubmedcentral
hal
proquest
pubmed
webofscience
crossref
wiley
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage e202200753
SubjectTerms Absorption
Anthracene
Anthracenes
Aromatic compounds
Benzene
Biology
cell imaging
Cell lines
Chemical Sciences
Chemistry
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Crystal structure
Cytotoxicity
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA - chemistry
DNA/RNA binding
Electrochemical analysis
Electrochemistry
Emission analysis
Grooves
Humans
Hydrocarbons
Lead compounds
Lysosomes
Medicinal Chemistry
methyl viologen
Molecular Structure
or physical chemistry
Paraquat
Photon absorption
Photons
Physical Sciences
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Science & Technology
Single crystals
Singlet oxygen
Theoretical and
Toxicity
two-photon absorption
Title Methyl Viologens of Bis‐(4’‐Pyridylethynyl)Arenes – Structures, Photophysical and Electrochemical Studies, and their Potential Application in Biology
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fchem.202200753
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35502627
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2721681095
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2659227986
https://hal.science/hal-03690447
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9400870
Volume 28
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