Eucalyptus increases ceramide levels in keratinocytes and improves stratum corneum function

Synopsis The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus e...

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Published inInternational journal of cosmetic science Vol. 34; no. 1; pp. 17 - 22
Main Authors Ishikawa, J., Shimotoyodome, Y., Chen, S., Ohkubo, K., Takagi, Y., Fujimura, T., Kitahara, T., Takema, Y.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2012
Wiley
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0142-5463
1468-2494
1468-2494
DOI10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00675.x

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Abstract Synopsis The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose‐dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water‐holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose‐dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum. Résumé L’objet de cette étude a été d’identifier l’extrait d’une plante qui pourrait améliorer les fonctions de la couche cornée et de permettre d’élucider le(s) mécanisme(s) impliqué(s). En se basant sur les informations recueillies, les fonctions de la couche cornée qui dépendent du niveau de céramide dans la couche cornée, nous avons identifié un extrait de l’Eucalyptus qui a été capable d’augmenter le niveau de la céramide dans les kératinocytes humains dans la couche cornée en culture et chez l’humain et qui permet d’améliorer les fonctions de maintien de l’eau et barrière de la couche cornée. En outre l’extrait de l’Eucalyptus aux kératinocytes humains en culture augmente le niveau de la céramide selon la manière dont dépend le dosage et augmente aussi la biosynthèse de la céramide, de la glucosylcéramide et de la sphingomyéline. Une application topique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus sur la peau sèche des sujets humains, amené par un traitement à l’acétone et à l’éther diéthylique, a provoqué une augmentation importante de niveau de la céramide dans la couche cornée, et une amélioration significative dans sa fonction de maintien de l’eau et une amélioration dans sa fonction de barrière. L’addition du macrocarpien A, un des principaux composants de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus, aux kératinocytes humains en culture a augmenté le niveau de la céramide et l’expression mRNA [ARN (acide ribonucléique) messager] de la transférase de sérine palmitoyl, d’acide sphingomyélinase, de sphingomyélinase neutre, de glucosylcéramide synthase et de glucocérébrosidase de la manière dont dépend le dosage. Nos résultats indiquent que la teneur augmentée de céramides dans la couche cornée peut être à la base d’un effet thérapeutique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus. Nos résultats indiquent aussi la possibilité que le macrocarpien A est le composant clé qui stimule la synthèse de la céramide dans la couche cornée.
AbstractList The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose-dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water-holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum.The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose-dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water-holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum.
The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose-dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water-holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum.
The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose‐dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water‐holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose‐dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum. L’objet de cette étude a été d’identifier l’extrait d’une plante qui pourrait améliorer les fonctions de la couche cornée et de permettre d’élucider le(s) mécanisme(s) impliqué(s). En se basant sur les informations recueillies, les fonctions de la couche cornée qui dépendent du niveau de céramide dans la couche cornée, nous avons identifié un extrait de l’Eucalyptus qui a été capable d’augmenter le niveau de la céramide dans les kératinocytes humains dans la couche cornée en culture et chez l’humain et qui permet d’améliorer les fonctions de maintien de l’eau et barrière de la couche cornée. En outre l’extrait de l’Eucalyptus aux kératinocytes humains en culture augmente le niveau de la céramide selon la manière dont dépend le dosage et augmente aussi la biosynthèse de la céramide, de la glucosylcéramide et de la sphingomyéline. Une application topique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus sur la peau sèche des sujets humains, amené par un traitement à l’acétone et à l’éther diéthylique, a provoqué une augmentation importante de niveau de la céramide dans la couche cornée, et une amélioration significative dans sa fonction de maintien de l’eau et une amélioration dans sa fonction de barrière. L’addition du macrocarpien A, un des principaux composants de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus, aux kératinocytes humains en culture a augmenté le niveau de la céramide et l’expression mRNA [ARN (acide ribonucléique) messager] de la transférase de sérine palmitoyl, d’acide sphingomyélinase, de sphingomyélinase neutre, de glucosylcéramide synthase et de glucocérébrosidase de la manière dont dépend le dosage. Nos résultats indiquent que la teneur augmentée de céramides dans la couche cornée peut être à la base d’un effet thérapeutique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus. Nos résultats indiquent aussi la possibilité que le macrocarpien A est le composant clé qui stimule la synthèse de la céramide dans la couche cornée.
Synopsis The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on the information that stratum corneum functions depend on the level of ceramide in the stratum corneum, we identified a Eucalyptus extract that was able to increase the level of ceramide in human keratinocytes in culture and in human stratum corneum and that improves the stratum corneum water holding and barrier functions. Addition of the Eucalyptus extract to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide in a dose‐dependent manner and also increased the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Topical application of the Eucalyptus extract on the dry skin of human subjects induced by acetone and diethylether treatment resulted in a significant increase in ceramide level in the stratum corneum, a significant improvement in its water‐holding function and an improvement in its barrier function. The addition of macrocarpal A, one of the main components of the Eucalyptus extract, to human keratinocytes in culture increased the level of ceramide and the mRNA expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, acid sphingomyelinase, neutral sphingomyelinase, glucosylceramide synthase and glucocerebrosidase in a dose‐dependent manner. Our results indicate that the increased content of ceramides in the stratum corneum may underlie the therapeutic effect of the Eucalyptus extract. Our results also indicate the possibility that macrocarpal A is the key component that stimulates the synthesis of ceramide in the stratum corneum. Résumé L’objet de cette étude a été d’identifier l’extrait d’une plante qui pourrait améliorer les fonctions de la couche cornée et de permettre d’élucider le(s) mécanisme(s) impliqué(s). En se basant sur les informations recueillies, les fonctions de la couche cornée qui dépendent du niveau de céramide dans la couche cornée, nous avons identifié un extrait de l’Eucalyptus qui a été capable d’augmenter le niveau de la céramide dans les kératinocytes humains dans la couche cornée en culture et chez l’humain et qui permet d’améliorer les fonctions de maintien de l’eau et barrière de la couche cornée. En outre l’extrait de l’Eucalyptus aux kératinocytes humains en culture augmente le niveau de la céramide selon la manière dont dépend le dosage et augmente aussi la biosynthèse de la céramide, de la glucosylcéramide et de la sphingomyéline. Une application topique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus sur la peau sèche des sujets humains, amené par un traitement à l’acétone et à l’éther diéthylique, a provoqué une augmentation importante de niveau de la céramide dans la couche cornée, et une amélioration significative dans sa fonction de maintien de l’eau et une amélioration dans sa fonction de barrière. L’addition du macrocarpien A, un des principaux composants de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus, aux kératinocytes humains en culture a augmenté le niveau de la céramide et l’expression mRNA [ARN (acide ribonucléique) messager] de la transférase de sérine palmitoyl, d’acide sphingomyélinase, de sphingomyélinase neutre, de glucosylcéramide synthase et de glucocérébrosidase de la manière dont dépend le dosage. Nos résultats indiquent que la teneur augmentée de céramides dans la couche cornée peut être à la base d’un effet thérapeutique de l’extrait d’Eucalyptus. Nos résultats indiquent aussi la possibilité que le macrocarpien A est le composant clé qui stimule la synthèse de la céramide dans la couche cornée.
Author Ishikawa, J.
Takema, Y.
Fujimura, T.
Shimotoyodome, Y.
Kitahara, T.
Ohkubo, K.
Takagi, Y.
Chen, S.
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie
2015 INIST-CNRS
2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.
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– notice: 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.
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1468-2494
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Issue 1
Keywords Cell culture
Barrier function
Eucalyptus globulus
Extract
Medicinal plant
Percutaneous route
Local administration
Eucalyptus
Dicotyledones
Sesquiterpenes
Angiospermae
Myrtaceae
Ceramide
Keratinocyte
Human
Terpenoid
Stratum corneum
Pharmacognosy
macrocarpal A
Epidermis
Gene expression
Metabolism
In vitro
Biological activity
In vivo
Treatment
Plant origin
Spermatophyta
Skin
Dry skin
Water holding capacity
Topical administration
Language English
License http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor
CC BY 4.0
2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.
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PublicationDate February 2012
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  text: February 2012
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Oxford, UK
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PublicationTitle International journal of cosmetic science
PublicationTitleAlternate Int J Cosmet Sci
PublicationYear 2012
Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Wiley
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References Hamanaka, S., Hara, M., Nishio, H., Otsuka, F., Suzuki, A. and Uchida, Y. Human epidermal glucosylceramides are major precursors of stratum corneum ceramides. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 416-423 (2002).
Rawlings, A.V., Watkinson, A., Rogers, J., Mayo, A.M., Hope, J. and Scott, I.R. Abnormalities in stratum corneum structure, lipid composition, and desmosome degradation in soap-induced winter xerosis. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 45, 203-220 (1994).
Hong, K.K., Cho, H.R., Ju, W.C., Cho, Y. and Kim, N.I. A study on altered expression of serine palmitoyltransferase and ceramidase in psoriatic skin lesion. J. Korean Med. Sci. 22, 862-867 (2007).
Di Nardo, A., Wertz, P., Giannetti, A. and Seidenari, S. Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 78, 27-30 (1998).
Choi, M.J. and Maibach, H.I. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 6, 215-223 (2005).
Imokawa, G. A possible mechanism underlying the ceramide deficiency in atopic dermatitis: expression of a deacylase enzyme that cleaves the N-acyl linkage of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide. J. Dermatol. Sci. 55, 1-9 (2009).
Paige, D.G., Morse-Fisher, N. and Harper, J.I. Quantification of stratum corneum ceramides and lipid envelope ceramides in the hereditary ichthyoses. Br. J. Dermatol. 131, 23-27 (1994).
Macheleidt, O., Kaiser, H.W. and Sandhoff, K. Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 166-173 (2002).
Holleran, W.M., Takagi, Y. and Uchida, Y. Epidermal sphingolipids: metabolism, function, and roles in skin disorders. FEBS Lett. 580, 5456-5466 (2006).
Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917 (1959).
Sando, G.N., Howard, E.J. and Madison, K.C. Induction of ceramide glucosyltransferase activity in cultured human keratinocytes. Correlation with culture differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22044-22051 (1996).
Mao-Qiang, M., Brown, B.E., Wu-Pong, S., Feingold, K.R. and Elias, P.M. Exogenous nonphysiologic vs physiologic lipids. Divergent mechanisms for correction of permeability barrier dysfunction. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 809-816 (1995).
Motta, S., Monti, M., Sesana, S., Caputo, R., Carelli, S. and Ghidoni, R. Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1182, 147-151 (1993).
Tagami, H. and Yoshikuni, K. Interrelationship between water-barrier and reservoir functions of pathologic stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. 121, 642-645 (1985).
Ishikawa, J., Narita, H., Kondo, N. et al. Changes in the ceramide profile of atopic dermatitis patients. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 2511-2514 (2010).
Shibuya, Y., Kusuoku, H., Murphy, G.K. and Nishizawa, Y. lsoration and structure determination of new macrocarpals from a herbal medicine, eucalyptus globulus leaf. Nat. Med. 55, 28-31 (2001).
Yamamoto, A., Serizawa, S., Ito, M. and Sato, Y. Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 283, 219-223 (1991).
Melnik, B., Hollmann, J. and Plewig, G. Decreased stratum corneum ceramides in atopic individuals-a pathobiochemical factor in xerosis? Br. J. Dermatol. 119, 547-549 (1988).
Elias, P.M. and Schmuth, M. Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 437-446 (2009).
Cho, Y., Lew, B.L., Seong, K. and Kim, N.I. An inverse relationship between ceramide synthesis and clinical severity in patients with psoriasis. J. Korean Med. Sci. 19, 859-863 (2004).
Elias, P.M. Epidermal Lipids, Barrier Function, and Desqamation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80(Suppl), 44s-49s (1983).
Matsumoto, M., Umemoto, N., Sugiura, H. and Uehara, M. Difference in ceramide composition between ``dry'' and ``normal'' skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 79, 246-247 (1999).
Yang, L., Mao-Qiang, M., Taljebini, M., Elias, P.M. and Feingold, K.R. Topical stratum corneum lipids accelerate barrier repair after tape stripping. Solvent treatment and some but not all types of detergent treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 133, 679-685 (1995).
Tagami, H., Kobayashi, H., O'goshi, K. and Kikuchi, K. Atopic xerosis: employment of noninvasive biophysical instrumentation for the functional analyses of the mildly abnormal stratum corneum and for the efficacy assessment of skin care products. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 5, 140-149 (2006).
Rawlings, A.V., Davies, A., Carlomusto, M. et al. Effect of lactic acid isomers on keratinocyte ceramide synthesis, stratum corneum lipid levels and stratum corneum barrier function. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 288, 383-390 (1996).
Mao-Qiang, M., Feingold, K.R. and Elias, P.M. Exogenous lipids influence permeability barrier recovery in acetone-treated murine skin. Arch. Dermatol. 129, 728-738 (1993).
Popa, I., Bennaceur, K., Abdul-Malak, N., Perrier, E., Schmitt, D. and Portoukalian, J. Studies of compounds that enhance sphingolipid metabolism in human keratinocytes. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 28, 53-59 (2006).
Masukawa, Y., Narita, H., Shimizu, E. et al. Characterization of overall ceramide species in human stratum corneum. J. Lipid Res. 49, 1466-1476 (2008).
Lew, B.L., Cho, Y., Kim, J., Sim, W.Y. and Kim, N.I. Ceramides and cell signaling molecules in psoriatic epidermis: reduced levels of ceramides, PKC-alpha, and JNK. J. Korean Med. Sci. 21, 95-99 (2006).
Tanno, O., Ota, Y., Kitamura, N., Katsube, T. and Inoue, S. Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 524-531 (2000).
1993; 129
1994; 131
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1995; 133
1995; 131
1996; 288
1985; 121
2009; 55
1991; 283
2004; 19
2006; 21
2006; 28
2008; 49
1999; 79
2006; 580
1996; 271
2009; 9
2010; 130
2005; 6
1993; 1182
2000; 143
1983; 80
2001; 55
1959; 37
2007; 22
1988; 119
1998; 78
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Mao‐Qiang M. (e_1_2_6_24_2) 1993; 129
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References_xml – reference: Macheleidt, O., Kaiser, H.W. and Sandhoff, K. Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 166-173 (2002).
– reference: Lew, B.L., Cho, Y., Kim, J., Sim, W.Y. and Kim, N.I. Ceramides and cell signaling molecules in psoriatic epidermis: reduced levels of ceramides, PKC-alpha, and JNK. J. Korean Med. Sci. 21, 95-99 (2006).
– reference: Rawlings, A.V., Watkinson, A., Rogers, J., Mayo, A.M., Hope, J. and Scott, I.R. Abnormalities in stratum corneum structure, lipid composition, and desmosome degradation in soap-induced winter xerosis. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 45, 203-220 (1994).
– reference: Popa, I., Bennaceur, K., Abdul-Malak, N., Perrier, E., Schmitt, D. and Portoukalian, J. Studies of compounds that enhance sphingolipid metabolism in human keratinocytes. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 28, 53-59 (2006).
– reference: Melnik, B., Hollmann, J. and Plewig, G. Decreased stratum corneum ceramides in atopic individuals-a pathobiochemical factor in xerosis? Br. J. Dermatol. 119, 547-549 (1988).
– reference: Motta, S., Monti, M., Sesana, S., Caputo, R., Carelli, S. and Ghidoni, R. Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1182, 147-151 (1993).
– reference: Tanno, O., Ota, Y., Kitamura, N., Katsube, T. and Inoue, S. Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 524-531 (2000).
– reference: Di Nardo, A., Wertz, P., Giannetti, A. and Seidenari, S. Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 78, 27-30 (1998).
– reference: Paige, D.G., Morse-Fisher, N. and Harper, J.I. Quantification of stratum corneum ceramides and lipid envelope ceramides in the hereditary ichthyoses. Br. J. Dermatol. 131, 23-27 (1994).
– reference: Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917 (1959).
– reference: Cho, Y., Lew, B.L., Seong, K. and Kim, N.I. An inverse relationship between ceramide synthesis and clinical severity in patients with psoriasis. J. Korean Med. Sci. 19, 859-863 (2004).
– reference: Matsumoto, M., Umemoto, N., Sugiura, H. and Uehara, M. Difference in ceramide composition between ``dry'' and ``normal'' skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 79, 246-247 (1999).
– reference: Ishikawa, J., Narita, H., Kondo, N. et al. Changes in the ceramide profile of atopic dermatitis patients. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 2511-2514 (2010).
– reference: Rawlings, A.V., Davies, A., Carlomusto, M. et al. Effect of lactic acid isomers on keratinocyte ceramide synthesis, stratum corneum lipid levels and stratum corneum barrier function. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 288, 383-390 (1996).
– reference: Imokawa, G. A possible mechanism underlying the ceramide deficiency in atopic dermatitis: expression of a deacylase enzyme that cleaves the N-acyl linkage of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide. J. Dermatol. Sci. 55, 1-9 (2009).
– reference: Tagami, H. and Yoshikuni, K. Interrelationship between water-barrier and reservoir functions of pathologic stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. 121, 642-645 (1985).
– reference: Elias, P.M. and Schmuth, M. Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 9, 437-446 (2009).
– reference: Choi, M.J. and Maibach, H.I. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 6, 215-223 (2005).
– reference: Yang, L., Mao-Qiang, M., Taljebini, M., Elias, P.M. and Feingold, K.R. Topical stratum corneum lipids accelerate barrier repair after tape stripping. Solvent treatment and some but not all types of detergent treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 133, 679-685 (1995).
– reference: Tagami, H., Kobayashi, H., O'goshi, K. and Kikuchi, K. Atopic xerosis: employment of noninvasive biophysical instrumentation for the functional analyses of the mildly abnormal stratum corneum and for the efficacy assessment of skin care products. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 5, 140-149 (2006).
– reference: Elias, P.M. Epidermal Lipids, Barrier Function, and Desqamation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80(Suppl), 44s-49s (1983).
– reference: Hamanaka, S., Hara, M., Nishio, H., Otsuka, F., Suzuki, A. and Uchida, Y. Human epidermal glucosylceramides are major precursors of stratum corneum ceramides. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 416-423 (2002).
– reference: Holleran, W.M., Takagi, Y. and Uchida, Y. Epidermal sphingolipids: metabolism, function, and roles in skin disorders. FEBS Lett. 580, 5456-5466 (2006).
– reference: Mao-Qiang, M., Brown, B.E., Wu-Pong, S., Feingold, K.R. and Elias, P.M. Exogenous nonphysiologic vs physiologic lipids. Divergent mechanisms for correction of permeability barrier dysfunction. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 809-816 (1995).
– reference: Mao-Qiang, M., Feingold, K.R. and Elias, P.M. Exogenous lipids influence permeability barrier recovery in acetone-treated murine skin. Arch. Dermatol. 129, 728-738 (1993).
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  year: 2001
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Snippet Synopsis The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved....
The objectives of this study were to identify a plant extract that would improve stratum corneum functions and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. Based on...
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SubjectTerms Administration, Topical
Adult
Biological and medical sciences
ceramide
Ceramides - biosynthesis
Ceramides - genetics
Double-Blind Method
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus - chemistry
Female
General pharmacology
Humans
keratinocyte
Keratinocytes - drug effects
Keratinocytes - metabolism
macrocarpal A
Male
Medical sciences
Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
Phloroglucinol - administration & dosage
Phloroglucinol - analogs & derivatives
Plant Extracts - administration & dosage
Plant Extracts - isolation & purification
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Messenger - biosynthesis
RNA, Messenger - genetics
Sesquiterpenes - administration & dosage
Skin - drug effects
Skin - metabolism
stratum corneum
Water Loss, Insensible - drug effects
Young Adult
Title Eucalyptus increases ceramide levels in keratinocytes and improves stratum corneum function
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2494.2011.00675.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696405
https://www.proquest.com/docview/913722429
Volume 34
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