Ergonomic Aspects of Portable Personal Computers with Flat Panel Displays (PC-FPDs): Evaluation of Posture, Muscle Activities, Discomfort and Performance
The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without a...
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| Published in | Industrial Health Vol. 36; no. 3; pp. 282 - 289 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Japan
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
01.07.1998
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0019-8366 1880-8026 1880-8026 |
| DOI | 10.2486/indhealth.36.282 |
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| Abstract | The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without any accompanying problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of PC-FPDs in terms of postural changes, muscle load, subjective complaints and performance of the subjects. Ten subjects, 5 males and 5 females, were asked to perform a text-entry task for 5 minutes using each of the 5 types of personal computers-1 desktop and 4 PC-FPDs of various sizes. Results showed that the posture assumed by the subjects while using the PC-FPDs was significantly more constrained than that assumed during work with the desktop computer. Viewing and neck angles progressively lowered and the trunk became more forward inclined. The EMG results also revealed that the activities of the neck extensor in PC-FPDs were significantly higher than in the desktop computers. Trends of increasing discomfort and difficulty of keying with the use of smaller PC-FPDs were noted. Performance was significantly lower for smaller PC-FPDs. This study shows that PC-FPDs have ergonomic attributes different from the desktop computer. An ergonomic guideline specific for PC-FPDs users is needed to prevent the surge in health disorders previously seen among desktop computer users. |
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| AbstractList | The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without any accompanying problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of PC-FPDs in terms of postural changes, muscle load, subjective complaints and performance of the subjects. Ten subjects, 5 males and 5 females, were asked to perform a text-entry task for 5 minutes using each of the 5 types of personal computers--1 desktop and 4 PC-FPDs of various sizes. Results showed that the posture assumed by the subjects while using the PC-FPDs was significantly more constrained than that assumed during work with the desktop computer. Viewing and neck angles progressively lowered and the trunk became more forward inclined. The EMG results also revealed that the activities of the neck extensor in PC-FPDs were significantly higher than in the desktop computers. Trends of increasing discomfort and difficulty of keying with the use of smaller PC-FPDs were noted. Performance was significantly lower for smaller PC-FPDs. This study shows that PC-FPDs have ergonomic attributes different from the desktop computer. An ergonomic guideline specific for PC-FPDs users is needed to prevent the surge in health disorders previously seen among desktop computer users. The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without any accompanying problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of PC-FPDs in terms of postural changes, muscle load, subjective complaints and performance of the subjects. Ten subjects, 5 males and 5 females, were asked to perform a text-entry task for 5 minutes using each of the 5 types of personal computers--1 desktop and 4 PC-FPDs of various sizes. Results showed that the posture assumed by the subjects while using the PC-FPDs was significantly more constrained than that assumed during work with the desktop computer. Viewing and neck angles progressively lowered and the trunk became more forward inclined. The EMG results also revealed that the activities of the neck extensor in PC-FPDs were significantly higher than in the desktop computers. Trends of increasing discomfort and difficulty of keying with the use of smaller PC-FPDs were noted. Performance was significantly lower for smaller PC-FPDs. This study shows that PC-FPDs have ergonomic attributes different from the desktop computer. An ergonomic guideline specific for PC-FPDs users is needed to prevent the surge in health disorders previously seen among desktop computer users.The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without any accompanying problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of PC-FPDs in terms of postural changes, muscle load, subjective complaints and performance of the subjects. Ten subjects, 5 males and 5 females, were asked to perform a text-entry task for 5 minutes using each of the 5 types of personal computers--1 desktop and 4 PC-FPDs of various sizes. Results showed that the posture assumed by the subjects while using the PC-FPDs was significantly more constrained than that assumed during work with the desktop computer. Viewing and neck angles progressively lowered and the trunk became more forward inclined. The EMG results also revealed that the activities of the neck extensor in PC-FPDs were significantly higher than in the desktop computers. Trends of increasing discomfort and difficulty of keying with the use of smaller PC-FPDs were noted. Performance was significantly lower for smaller PC-FPDs. This study shows that PC-FPDs have ergonomic attributes different from the desktop computer. An ergonomic guideline specific for PC-FPDs users is needed to prevent the surge in health disorders previously seen among desktop computer users. |
| Author | VILLANUEVA, Maria Beatriz G. JONAI, Hiroshi SAITO, Susumu |
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| References | 9) Saito S, Taptagaporn S, Salvendy G (1993) Visual comfort in using different VDT screens. Int J of Human- Computer Interaction 5, 313-23. 11) Straker L, Jones KJ, Miller J (1997) A comparison of postures assumed when using laptop computers and desktop computers. Applied Ergonomics 28, 263-8. 6) Japanese Industrial Standard S 1010-1978 (1993) Standard size for writing desks for office (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo). 4) De Wall M, Van Riel MPJM, Aghina JCFM, Burdorf A, Snijders CJ (1992) Improving the sitting posture of CAD/CAM workers by increasing VDU monitor working height. Ergonomics 35, 427-36. 14) Aaras A, Fostervold KI, Ro O, Thoresen M, Larsen S (1997) Postural load during VDU work: a comparison between various work postures. Ergonomics 40, 1255-68. 3) Chaffin AC (1973) Localized muscle fatigue-Definition and measurement. JOM 15, 346-54. 10) Saito S, Miyao M, Kondo T, Sakakibara H, Toyoshima H (1997) Ergonomic evaluation of working posture of VDT operation using personal computer with FPD. Ind Health 35, 264-70. 12) Hamilton N (1996) Source document position as it affects head position and neck muscle tension. Ergonomics 39, 593-610. 1) Flat panel display (1998) Nikkei, 118. 5) Abe S, Sotoyama M, Jonai H, Villanueva MBG, Saito S (1997) A questionnaire survey of cathode ray tube versus flat panel display user. In: From experience to innovation, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association in Tampere, Finland, June 29-July 4 1997, 5, 32-4. 7) Villanueva MBG, Sotoyama M, Jonai H, Takeuchi Y, Saito S (1996) Adjustments of posture and viewing parameters of the eye to changes in the screen height of the visual display terminal. Ergonomics 39, 933-45. 13) Villanueva MBG, Jonai H, Sotoyama M, Hisanaga N, Takeuchi Y, Saito S (1997) Sitting posture and neck and shoulder muscle activities at different height settings of the visual display terminal. Ind Health 35, 330-6. 2) Villanueva MBG, Jonai H, Sotoyama M, Saito S (1995) Screen sizes of VDTs and working posture. Jpn J Ergonomics s31, 202-3. 8) Saito S, Jonai H, Villanueva MBG, Sotoyama M (1997) Ergonomic aspects of FPDs and large-size CRT screen. In: Design of Computing Systems: Cognitive Considerations. eds. by Salvendy G, Smith M and Koubek R, 639-42, Elsevier, Amsterdam. |
| References_xml | – reference: 1) Flat panel display (1998) Nikkei, 118. – reference: 12) Hamilton N (1996) Source document position as it affects head position and neck muscle tension. Ergonomics 39, 593-610. – reference: 9) Saito S, Taptagaporn S, Salvendy G (1993) Visual comfort in using different VDT screens. Int J of Human- Computer Interaction 5, 313-23. – reference: 11) Straker L, Jones KJ, Miller J (1997) A comparison of postures assumed when using laptop computers and desktop computers. Applied Ergonomics 28, 263-8. – reference: 5) Abe S, Sotoyama M, Jonai H, Villanueva MBG, Saito S (1997) A questionnaire survey of cathode ray tube versus flat panel display user. In: From experience to innovation, Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association in Tampere, Finland, June 29-July 4 1997, 5, 32-4. – reference: 13) Villanueva MBG, Jonai H, Sotoyama M, Hisanaga N, Takeuchi Y, Saito S (1997) Sitting posture and neck and shoulder muscle activities at different height settings of the visual display terminal. Ind Health 35, 330-6. – reference: 4) De Wall M, Van Riel MPJM, Aghina JCFM, Burdorf A, Snijders CJ (1992) Improving the sitting posture of CAD/CAM workers by increasing VDU monitor working height. Ergonomics 35, 427-36. – reference: 10) Saito S, Miyao M, Kondo T, Sakakibara H, Toyoshima H (1997) Ergonomic evaluation of working posture of VDT operation using personal computer with FPD. Ind Health 35, 264-70. – reference: 8) Saito S, Jonai H, Villanueva MBG, Sotoyama M (1997) Ergonomic aspects of FPDs and large-size CRT screen. In: Design of Computing Systems: Cognitive Considerations. eds. by Salvendy G, Smith M and Koubek R, 639-42, Elsevier, Amsterdam. – reference: 14) Aaras A, Fostervold KI, Ro O, Thoresen M, Larsen S (1997) Postural load during VDU work: a comparison between various work postures. Ergonomics 40, 1255-68. – reference: 3) Chaffin AC (1973) Localized muscle fatigue-Definition and measurement. JOM 15, 346-54. – reference: 2) Villanueva MBG, Jonai H, Sotoyama M, Saito S (1995) Screen sizes of VDTs and working posture. Jpn J Ergonomics s31, 202-3. – reference: 6) Japanese Industrial Standard S 1010-1978 (1993) Standard size for writing desks for office (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo). – reference: 7) Villanueva MBG, Sotoyama M, Jonai H, Takeuchi Y, Saito S (1996) Adjustments of posture and viewing parameters of the eye to changes in the screen height of the visual display terminal. Ergonomics 39, 933-45. |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Analysis of Variance Computer Terminals Discomfort Electromyography Electromyography (EMG) Ergometry Female Fixation, Ocular - physiology Flat panel display (FPD) Head Movements - physiology Humans Male Middle Aged Muscle Contraction - physiology Neck Muscles - physiology Pain Measurement Posture Shoulder - physiology Surveys and Questionnaires Task Performance and Analysis |
| Title | Ergonomic Aspects of Portable Personal Computers with Flat Panel Displays (PC-FPDs): Evaluation of Posture, Muscle Activities, Discomfort and Performance |
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