The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania

• Published in: BioMed research international Vol. 2017; no. 2017; pp. 1 - 12
• Main Authors: Radisauskas, Ricardas, Virviciute, Dalia, Tamosiunas, Abdonas, Luksiene, Dalia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01.01.2017; Hindawi; John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects; Alcohol Drinking - mortality; Alcohol use; Alcoholic beverages; Cancer; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality; Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology; Care and treatment; Cause of Death; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Drinking of alcoholic beverages; Female; Geriatrics; Habits; Hazards; Health aspects; Health hazards; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Humans; Lithuania - epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Mortality risk; Older people; Population (statistical); Population studies; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Public health; Regression analysis; Risk analysis; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking - adverse effects; Smoking - mortality; Statistical analysis; Statistical models; Studies
• ISSN: 2314-6133; 2314-6141; 2314-6141
• DOI: 10.1155/2017/9654314

Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected for statistical analysis. During the follow-up of 31 years (1983–2014), there were 2,158 deaths from any cause. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality and Competing Risk Regression analysis was used to estimate subdistribution hazard risk (SHR) for cause-specific mortality. Results. Smoking clearly increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but alcohol use had little effect in men aged 35–64 years. However, heavy alcohol consumption (>14 units/week) increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from external causes in the never-smokers men group who drank alcohol of 1–14 units/week (HR 2 = 1.57 and SHR 2 = 2.40, resp.). Conclusions. The smoking habits and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors, and thus efforts to support abstinence from alcohol and smoking use should be a public health priority.