Archived HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations: Role of Proviral HIV-1 DNA Genotype for the Management of Virological Responder People Living with HIV

Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. When treatment is interrupted, the reservoirs can act as a source of viral rebound, highlighting the value of proviral DNA as an additiona...

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Published inViruses Vol. 16; no. 11; p. 1697
Main Authors Campagna, Roberta, Nonne, Chiara, Antonelli, Guido, Turriziani, Ombretta
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.11.2024
MDPI
Subjects
Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology
Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Antiviral agents
APOBEC
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA GRT
DNA sequencing
DNA, Viral - genetics
Dosage and administration
Drug resistance
Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics
Drug therapy
Genetic aspects
Genotype
Genotype & phenotype
Genotypes
Genotyping
GLP-1 receptor agonists
HIV
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV Infections - virology
HIV patients
HIV-1
HIV-1 - drug effects
HIV-1 - genetics
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infections
Lymphocytes
Mutation
NGS
Patient outcomes
Plasma
Proviruses - drug effects
Proviruses - genetics
reservoir
Review
Sanger sequencing
Success
Viral Load - drug effects
Viremia
Italy
HIV-1
NGS
Sanger sequencing
reservoir
DNA GRT
APOBEC
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1999-4915
1999-4915
DOI10.3390/v16111697

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Abstract Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. When treatment is interrupted, the reservoirs can act as a source of viral rebound, highlighting the value of proviral DNA as an additional source of information on an individual’s overall resistance burden. In cases where the viral load is too low for successful HIV-1 RNA genotyping, HIV-1 DNA can help identify resistance mutations in treated individuals. The absence of treatment history, the need to adjust ART despite undetectable viremia, or the presence of LLV further support the use of genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) on HIV-1 DNA. Conventionally, GRTs have been achieved through Sanger sequencing, but the advances in NGS are leading to an increase in its use, allowing the detection of minority variants present in less than 20% of the viral population. The clinical significance of these mutations remains under debate, with interpretations varying based on context. Additionally, proviral DNA is subject to APOBEC3-induced hypermutation, which can lead to defective, nonviable viral genomes, a factor that must be considered when performing GRTs on HIV-1 DNA.
AbstractList Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. When treatment is interrupted, the reservoirs can act as a source of viral rebound, highlighting the value of proviral DNA as an additional source of information on an individual’s overall resistance burden. In cases where the viral load is too low for successful HIV-1 RNA genotyping, HIV-1 DNA can help identify resistance mutations in treated individuals. The absence of treatment history, the need to adjust ART despite undetectable viremia, or the presence of LLV further support the use of genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) on HIV-1 DNA. Conventionally, GRTs have been achieved through Sanger sequencing, but the advances in NGS are leading to an increase in its use, allowing the detection of minority variants present in less than 20% of the viral population. The clinical significance of these mutations remains under debate, with interpretations varying based on context. Additionally, proviral DNA is subject to APOBEC3-induced hypermutation, which can lead to defective, nonviable viral genomes, a factor that must be considered when performing GRTs on HIV-1 DNA.
Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. When treatment is interrupted, the reservoirs can act as a source of viral rebound, highlighting the value of proviral DNA as an additional source of information on an individual's overall resistance burden. In cases where the viral load is too low for successful HIV-1 RNA genotyping, HIV-1 DNA can help identify resistance mutations in treated individuals. The absence of treatment history, the need to adjust ART despite undetectable viremia, or the presence of LLV further support the use of genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) on HIV-1 DNA. Conventionally, GRTs have been achieved through Sanger sequencing, but the advances in NGS are leading to an increase in its use, allowing the detection of minority variants present in less than 20% of the viral population. The clinical significance of these mutations remains under debate, with interpretations varying based on context. Additionally, proviral DNA is subject to APOBEC3-induced hypermutation, which can lead to defective, nonviable viral genomes, a factor that must be considered when performing GRTs on HIV-1 DNA.Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. When treatment is interrupted, the reservoirs can act as a source of viral rebound, highlighting the value of proviral DNA as an additional source of information on an individual's overall resistance burden. In cases where the viral load is too low for successful HIV-1 RNA genotyping, HIV-1 DNA can help identify resistance mutations in treated individuals. The absence of treatment history, the need to adjust ART despite undetectable viremia, or the presence of LLV further support the use of genotypic resistance tests (GRTs) on HIV-1 DNA. Conventionally, GRTs have been achieved through Sanger sequencing, but the advances in NGS are leading to an increase in its use, allowing the detection of minority variants present in less than 20% of the viral population. The clinical significance of these mutations remains under debate, with interpretations varying based on context. Additionally, proviral DNA is subject to APOBEC3-induced hypermutation, which can lead to defective, nonviable viral genomes, a factor that must be considered when performing GRTs on HIV-1 DNA.
Audience Academic
Author Turriziani, Ombretta
Antonelli, Guido
Nonne, Chiara
Campagna, Roberta
AuthorAffiliation Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; chiara.nonne@uniroma1.it (C.N.); guido.antonelli@uniroma1.it (G.A.); ombretta.turriziani@uniroma1.it (O.T.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; chiara.nonne@uniroma1.it (C.N.); guido.antonelli@uniroma1.it (G.A.); ombretta.turriziani@uniroma1.it (O.T.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Roberta
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7381-9071
  surname: Campagna
  fullname: Campagna, Roberta
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Chiara
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4911-7301
  surname: Nonne
  fullname: Nonne, Chiara
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Guido
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2533-2939
  surname: Antonelli
  fullname: Antonelli, Guido
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Ombretta
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6400-9168
  surname: Turriziani
  fullname: Turriziani, Ombretta
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39599811$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords HIV-1
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Snippet Despite its effectiveness in controlling plasma viremia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot target proviral DNA, which remains an obstacle to HIV-1...
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SubjectTerms Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology
Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Antiviral agents
APOBEC
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA GRT
DNA sequencing
DNA, Viral - genetics
Dosage and administration
Drug resistance
Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics
Drug therapy
Genetic aspects
Genotype
Genotype & phenotype
Genotypes
Genotyping
GLP-1 receptor agonists
HIV
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV Infections - virology
HIV patients
HIV-1
HIV-1 - drug effects
HIV-1 - genetics
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infections
Lymphocytes
Mutation
NGS
Patient outcomes
Plasma
Proviruses - drug effects
Proviruses - genetics
reservoir
Review
Sanger sequencing
Success
Viral Load - drug effects
Viremia
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Title Archived HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations: Role of Proviral HIV-1 DNA Genotype for the Management of Virological Responder People Living with HIV
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