Role of the Adrenal Medulla in Hypoglycaemia-Associated Autonomic Failure—A Diabetic Perspective

Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent hypoglycaemia. Here, we review the status quo of research related to the regulatory mechanisms of the adrenal medulla in its respo...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inMetabolites Vol. 14; no. 2; p. 100
Main Authors Senthilkumaran, Manjula, Koch, Coen, Herselman, Mauritz Frederick, Bobrovskaya, Larisa
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024
Subjects
adrenal
Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic neuropathies
Catecholamines
Coma
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Dysautonomia
Enzymatic activity
Galanin
Glucagon
Glucose monitoring
Health aspects
Hormones
hypoglycaemia
hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure
Hypoglycemia
Insulin
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Molecular modelling
Monitoring systems
Nervous system
Neuropeptide Y
Pancreas
Phosphorylation
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Post-transcription
Proenkephalin
Tyrosine
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
Australia
hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure
catecholamines
adrenal
hypoglycaemia
diabetes
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2218-1989
2218-1989
DOI10.3390/metabo14020100

Cover

Abstract Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent hypoglycaemia. Here, we review the status quo of research related to the regulatory mechanisms of the adrenal medulla in its response to single and recurrent hypoglycaemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with particular focus given to catecholamine synthesis, enzymatic activity, and the impact of adrenal medullary peptides. Short-term post-transcriptional modifications, particularly phosphorylation at specific residues of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), play a key role in the regulation of catecholamine synthesis. While the effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia on catecholamine synthetic enzymes remain inconsistent, long-term changes in TH protein expression suggest species-specific responses. Adrenomedullary peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, and proenkephalin exhibit altered gene and protein expression in response to hypoglycaemia, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of catecholamine secretion. Of note is NPY, since its antagonism has been shown to prevent reductions in TH protein expression. This review highlights the need for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms involved in the adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemia. Despite advancements in our understanding of HAAF in non-diabetic rodents, a reliable diabetic rodent model of HAAF remains a challenge.
AbstractList Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent hypoglycaemia. Here, we review the status quo of research related to the regulatory mechanisms of the adrenal medulla in its response to single and recurrent hypoglycaemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with particular focus given to catecholamine synthesis, enzymatic activity, and the impact of adrenal medullary peptides. Short-term post-transcriptional modifications, particularly phosphorylation at specific residues of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), play a key role in the regulation of catecholamine synthesis. While the effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia on catecholamine synthetic enzymes remain inconsistent, long-term changes in TH protein expression suggest species-specific responses. Adrenomedullary peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, and proenkephalin exhibit altered gene and protein expression in response to hypoglycaemia, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of catecholamine secretion. Of note is NPY, since its antagonism has been shown to prevent reductions in TH protein expression. This review highlights the need for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms involved in the adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemia. Despite advancements in our understanding of HAAF in non-diabetic rodents, a reliable diabetic rodent model of HAAF remains a challenge.
Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent hypoglycaemia. Here, we review the status quo of research related to the regulatory mechanisms of the adrenal medulla in its response to single and recurrent hypoglycaemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with particular focus given to catecholamine synthesis, enzymatic activity, and the impact of adrenal medullary peptides. Short-term post-transcriptional modifications, particularly phosphorylation at specific residues of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), play a key role in the regulation of catecholamine synthesis. While the effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia on catecholamine synthetic enzymes remain inconsistent, long-term changes in TH protein expression suggest species-specific responses. Adrenomedullary peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, and proenkephalin exhibit altered gene and protein expression in response to hypoglycaemia, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of catecholamine secretion. Of note is NPY, since its antagonism has been shown to prevent reductions in TH protein expression. This review highlights the need for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms involved in the adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemia. Despite advancements in our understanding of HAAF in non-diabetic rodents, a reliable diabetic rodent model of HAAF remains a challenge.Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent hypoglycaemia. Here, we review the status quo of research related to the regulatory mechanisms of the adrenal medulla in its response to single and recurrent hypoglycaemia in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with particular focus given to catecholamine synthesis, enzymatic activity, and the impact of adrenal medullary peptides. Short-term post-transcriptional modifications, particularly phosphorylation at specific residues of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), play a key role in the regulation of catecholamine synthesis. While the effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia on catecholamine synthetic enzymes remain inconsistent, long-term changes in TH protein expression suggest species-specific responses. Adrenomedullary peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, and proenkephalin exhibit altered gene and protein expression in response to hypoglycaemia, suggesting a potential role in the modulation of catecholamine secretion. Of note is NPY, since its antagonism has been shown to prevent reductions in TH protein expression. This review highlights the need for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms involved in the adrenal medullary response to hypoglycaemia. Despite advancements in our understanding of HAAF in non-diabetic rodents, a reliable diabetic rodent model of HAAF remains a challenge.
Audience Academic
Author Senthilkumaran, Manjula
Bobrovskaya, Larisa
Koch, Coen
Herselman, Mauritz Frederick
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Manjula
  surname: Senthilkumaran
  fullname: Senthilkumaran, Manjula
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Coen
  surname: Koch
  fullname: Koch, Coen
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Mauritz Frederick
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2930-713X
  surname: Herselman
  fullname: Herselman, Mauritz Frederick
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Larisa
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5793-6147
  surname: Bobrovskaya
  fullname: Bobrovskaya, Larisa
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38392992$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp1ks1u1DAQxyNUREvplSOKxIVLij_ixD5GLaWVikAIztbYmSxeJfFiO0h74yF4Qp4EL9sPisCWbGv0n9-MZ-ZpcTD7GYviOSWnnCvyesIExtOaMEIJeVQcMUZlRZVUB3-8D4uTGNckr4aIltAnxSGXXDGl2FFhPvoRSz-U6QuWXR9whrF8h_0yjlC6ubzcbvxq3FrAyUHVxeitg4R92S3Jz35ytrwANy4Bf37_0ZXnDgymbPyAIW7QJvcNnxWPBxgjntzcx8Xnizefzi6r6_dvr86668rWqkkV5oShFUyqmtYSKTeEDkoYUFgb0jNBLcOhIQO00jSN4SIfaPtGtEOrmoYfF1d7bu9hrTfBTRC22oPTvw0-rDSEnNuI2g6CWGN6LiTU0hLZU0uFaNAKIIqTzHq1Z22C_7pgTHpy0WIuyox-iZpTyWQra7WTvvxLuvZLyGWMmmWUaltF23vVCnJ8Nw8-BbA7qO4yhxImappVp_9Q5d3n8tvc_MFl-wOHFzfBFzNhf_fr2wZnQb0X2OBjDDho6xIk5-dMdqOmRO9GST8cpftE7txuyf9x-AXb2skf
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_17749_2077_8333_epi_par_con_2024_207
crossref_primary_10_1051_bioconf_202413601008
Cites_doi 10.1210/en.2005-1040
10.1210/jc.2009-0882
10.1210/endo.137.3.8603609
10.1056/NEJM199309163291203
10.1073/pnas.83.23.9245
10.1016/0196-9781(95)00076-V
10.1152/ajpendo.00539.2003
10.3390/ijms23084340
10.1007/BF00319418
10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.014
10.1385/CBB:45:1:111
10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.004
10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001194
10.1210/jcem.87.6.8571
10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016615
10.1007/BF00966919
10.1210/endo-123-4-2140
10.2337/db06-1025
10.2337/diacare.26.6.1902
10.1056/NEJMra1215228
10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.008
10.1210/endo.132.4.8384995
10.2337/diacare.26.4.1176
10.1371/journal.pone.0173839
10.1111/bph.13458
10.2337/db13-1073
10.1155/2016/9801640
10.2337/db08-1084
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04213.x
10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12401.x
10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.010
10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80159-7
10.1152/physiol.00069.2013
10.1007/s00429-013-0642-3
10.1177/1479164114549755
10.1007/BF00494067
10.3389/fendo.2018.00711
10.1007/BF00214536
10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E157
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-12-04150.1989
10.1016/0165-1838(94)90127-9
10.1210/jcem.86.12.8091
10.1002/edm2.226
10.1016/0167-0115(89)90187-0
10.1074/jbc.M512194200
10.1016/0024-3205(89)90226-9
10.1126/science.3749894
10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.6.R1232
10.1210/jc.2013-3493
10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.E455
10.1371/journal.pone.0050535
10.1210/jendso/bvac123
10.1042/cs0990351
10.1016/0306-4522(81)90215-3
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08001.x
10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb06965.x
10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2831
10.1097/00001756-199612200-00059
10.1172/JCI69796
10.3389/fphar.2023.1271814
10.1007/s10286-002-0035-9
10.1085/jgp.202213180
10.1111/nyas.14214
10.1007/s00424-017-2066-z
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x
10.1016/0306-4522(82)91138-1
10.1152/ajpendo.00051.2019
10.1679/aohc.70.183
10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.R1562
10.1016/0006-2952(71)90374-1
10.1007/s11064-005-6966-5
10.1016/0006-8993(88)90132-1
10.1089/dia.2020.0593
10.1124/pr.56.3.1
10.1159/000126647
10.1210/jc.2011-1723
10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.001
10.1016/0006-8993(89)90111-X
10.1007/s11064-016-1875-3
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.047
10.2337/dc21-1285
10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.12.006
10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002225
10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00492.x
10.1002/cne.23310
10.1159/000127057
10.1038/sj.bjp.0705337
10.1007/BF00218312
10.1177/1474651410397248
10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00212-X
10.1210/en.2005-1247
10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00033-1
10.1016/j.coemr.2019.06.005
10.1074/jbc.M105280200
10.1016/0306-4522(88)90268-0
10.2337/db08-1647
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04146.x
10.1038/mp.2011.176
10.1016/0006-291X(89)91055-3
10.1210/er.2018-00226
10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013676
10.3390/cancers11081121
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01677.x
10.1073/pnas.012608999
10.1210/jc.2003-031289
10.2147/DMSO.S29367
10.1210/en.2007-0510
10.1016/j.neuint.2010.05.009
10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1865
10.1016/S0143-4179(96)90084-0
10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2014
10.1210/clinem/dgaa539
10.1007/s11064-012-0812-3
10.1002/cne.24523
10.3389/fendo.2023.1181856
10.1073/pnas.85.9.3240
10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1681
10.2337/dc11-2010
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02550.x
10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1119
10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70011-1
10.1016/0014-2999(96)00508-0
10.1002/iub.2117
10.1152/ajpendo.00389.2004
10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.005
10.2147/DMSO.S313837
10.1111/pedi.12070
10.1210/endo-125-2-624
10.1152/physrev.00042.2006
10.4103/2230-8210.117219
10.1007/s00424-017-2062-3
10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006791
10.14814/phy2.12307
10.1152/ajpendo.00480.2001
10.1172/JCI91921
10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01714.x
10.1016/0306-4522(83)90235-X
10.1038/35070000
10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.003
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09440.x
10.3390/metabo13010042
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06206.x
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG
2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG
– notice: 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7QR
8FD
8FE
8FH
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
HCIFZ
LK8
M7P
P64
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
7X8
DOA
DOI 10.3390/metabo14020100
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
Chemoreception Abstracts
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Journals
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Database
ProQuest Central
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest SciTech Premium Collection
Biological Sciences
Biological Science Database
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
MEDLINE - Academic
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Biological Science Collection
Chemoreception Abstracts
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Biological Science Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList PubMed


Publicly Available Content Database
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Anatomy & Physiology
EISSN 2218-1989
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_cf50cbbd358a48c08d1c1556ec5a0930
A784102541
38392992
10_3390_metabo14020100
Genre Journal Article
Review
GeographicLocations Australia
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Australia
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Diabetes Australia
  grantid: Y20G-BOBL
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
8FE
8FH
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAYXX
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
CITATION
DIK
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
ITC
KQ8
LK8
M48
M7P
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQGLB
PROAC
PUEGO
RPM
NPM
PMFND
7QR
8FD
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
P64
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c496t-e221a752894148e13b01f95ba9e4b0d251c2ef60fa78b66b3566becd657f79663
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 2218-1989
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:26:54 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 17:48:25 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 12:08:10 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 17 22:09:23 EDT 2025
Tue Jun 10 21:03:29 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 05:51:30 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:10:41 EDT 2025
Wed Oct 01 01:14:49 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure
catecholamines
adrenal
hypoglycaemia
diabetes
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c496t-e221a752894148e13b01f95ba9e4b0d251c2ef60fa78b66b3566becd657f79663
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0003-2930-713X
0000-0002-5793-6147
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3390/metabo14020100
PMID 38392992
PQID 2930977917
PQPubID 2032362
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_cf50cbbd358a48c08d1c1556ec5a0930
proquest_miscellaneous_3182878490
proquest_journals_2930977917
gale_infotracmisc_A784102541
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A784102541
pubmed_primary_38392992
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_metabo14020100
crossref_primary_10_3390_metabo14020100
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20240101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2024-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2024
  text: 20240101
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Metabolites
PublicationTitleAlternate Metabolites
PublicationYear 2024
Publisher MDPI AG
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
References Eiden (ref_55) 2018; 9
Haycock (ref_103) 1993; 18
Jarry (ref_130) 1989; 125
Parker (ref_58) 2013; 521
ref_99
Heller (ref_17) 2020; 8
Wakade (ref_52) 1981; 313
Eisenhofer (ref_69) 2004; 56
Pascoe (ref_71) 1989; 505
Donovan (ref_154) 2014; 29
Arbelaez (ref_13) 2014; 15
Salminen (ref_131) 1985; 82
Morgan (ref_96) 1991; 14
Tack (ref_92) 2004; 89
Senthilkumaran (ref_94) 2018; 526
Korim (ref_74) 2014; 63
Shankar (ref_89) 2023; 14
Vaupel (ref_147) 1988; 123
Leese (ref_7) 2003; 26
Cryer (ref_6) 2003; 26
Farhat (ref_87) 2021; 4
Sivitz (ref_36) 2001; 50
Sanders (ref_78) 2007; 56
Stanley (ref_30) 2019; 40
Kreutzenberg (ref_38) 1995; 25
Higuchi (ref_125) 1988; 244
Kanamatsu (ref_144) 1986; 83
Role (ref_133) 1981; 6
Diedrich (ref_2) 2002; 12
Ma (ref_34) 2018; 128
Chheda (ref_64) 2001; 3
Dhara (ref_67) 2018; 470
Silbergeld (ref_112) 1971; 20
Tanaka (ref_119) 1996; 137
Eiden (ref_114) 2018; 470
LaGamma (ref_33) 2014; 307
Siafarikas (ref_14) 2012; 35
Sanders (ref_77) 2001; 50
Malhotra (ref_122) 1987; 388
Rickels (ref_23) 2019; 1454
ref_73
Giniatullin (ref_136) 2003; 139
Murabayashi (ref_54) 2007; 70
Bobrovskaya (ref_106) 2004; 90
Wakade (ref_53) 1983; 10
Ritter (ref_72) 1989; 256
Amiel (ref_18) 2009; 58
Hamelink (ref_148) 2002; 99
Kesse (ref_49) 1988; 157
Chan (ref_86) 2002; 51
Unsicker (ref_44) 2005; 30
Cryer (ref_5) 2010; 39
Isobe (ref_120) 1993; 132
Han (ref_143) 1997; 18
Bornstein (ref_45) 2012; 17
Lin (ref_26) 2019; 25
Vietor (ref_110) 1996; 313
Sankar (ref_85) 2020; 31
Verhofstad (ref_46) 1985; 242
Aleksic (ref_90) 2020; 105
Tabarin (ref_116) 1994; 59
Sherwin (ref_48) 1984; 247
(ref_60) 2020; 72
Orban (ref_35) 2015; 12
Nunez (ref_108) 2007; 148
Malhotra (ref_63) 1989; 9
Mazzocchi (ref_138) 2002; 9
Leu (ref_152) 2009; 94
Bobrovskaya (ref_61) 2010; 57
Lin (ref_25) 2022; 45
Macon (ref_22) 2023; 14
Snyder (ref_66) 2006; 45
Inouye (ref_113) 2006; 147
Vele (ref_151) 2011; 96
Mazzocchi (ref_118) 2002; 87
Ong (ref_104) 2012; 37
Laslop (ref_142) 1989; 26
Kalra (ref_4) 2013; 17
Holgert (ref_139) 1996; 8
Nedoboy (ref_88) 2023; 13
Kvetnansky (ref_68) 2009; 89
Fukushima (ref_117) 2001; 281
Saiani (ref_149) 1982; 39
Pillion (ref_80) 1989; 165
Livett (ref_132) 1982; 7
Gao (ref_65) 2016; 28
Bevilaqua (ref_105) 2001; 276
Douglas (ref_51) 1961; 159
Greenberg (ref_95) 1986; 234
Kuramoto (ref_135) 1987; 247
Bornstein (ref_41) 2019; 8
Litvin (ref_28) 2013; 123
Yamamoto (ref_42) 2020; 6
Bobrovskaya (ref_100) 2007; 100
Senthilkumaran (ref_9) 2016; 2016
Kumar (ref_140) 2010; 170
Rusnak (ref_79) 1998; 46
Inouye (ref_84) 2002; 282
Senthilkumaran (ref_98) 2018; 210
Eisenhofer (ref_70) 1994; 50
Strack (ref_50) 1988; 455
Cavadas (ref_124) 2001; 86
Bobrovskaya (ref_102) 2007; 19
Kakall (ref_97) 2019; 317
Kudrick (ref_32) 2015; 3
Andreis (ref_129) 2007; 19
Oomori (ref_123) 1994; 275
Shiotani (ref_115) 1995; 16
Inouye (ref_111) 2005; 288
Galassetti (ref_82) 2000; 99
Dunkley (ref_101) 2004; 91
Zhou (ref_134) 1991; 104
DeRosa (ref_11) 2004; 287
Mitrakou (ref_20) 1993; 329
Bentsen (ref_153) 2019; 29
Cryer (ref_12) 2008; 57
Chang (ref_39) 2007; 23
Vollmer (ref_47) 1992; 263
Morgan (ref_81) 1993; 264
Moheet (ref_91) 2014; 99
Bommer (ref_127) 1989; 44
Heller (ref_3) 2011; 11
Sprague (ref_10) 2011; 9
Anouar (ref_146) 1995; 62
Iacangelo (ref_145) 1988; 85
Senthilkumaran (ref_109) 2016; 41
Kuri (ref_56) 2009; 110
ref_37
Unger (ref_8) 2012; 5
Bastiaensen (ref_126) 1988; 25
Isobe (ref_121) 1996; 30
Cryer (ref_27) 2013; 369
Sanders (ref_76) 2000; 49
Lundberg (ref_128) 1982; 114
(ref_15) 2021; 9
Tehranian (ref_141) 2006; 99
Ritter (ref_93) 1995; 3
Yale (ref_21) 2018; 42
Watanabe (ref_137) 1992; 182
Lemaire (ref_150) 1981; 36
ref_43
Lehmann (ref_107) 2006; 281
ref_40
ref_1
Eskay (ref_62) 1992; 59
Shum (ref_83) 2001; 281
Verberne (ref_59) 2016; 173
Parker (ref_75) 2015; 220
(ref_19) 2022; 6
Reno (ref_29) 2013; 42
Morales (ref_57) 2022; 155
Herlein (ref_31) 2006; 147
Demirbilek (ref_16) 2023; 16
Burckhardt (ref_24) 2021; 23
References_xml – volume: 147
  start-page: 1860
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_113
  article-title: Effects of insulin treatment without and with recurrent hypoglycemia on hypoglycemic counterregulation and adrenal catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in diabetic rats
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1040
– volume: 94
  start-page: 3372
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_152
  article-title: Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure is prevented by opioid receptor blockade
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0882
– volume: 137
  start-page: 956
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_119
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide causes rapid ca2+ release from intracellular stores and long lasting ca2+ influx mediated by Na+ influx-dependent membrane depolarization in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/endo.137.3.8603609
– volume: 329
  start-page: 834
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Reversibility of unawareness of hypoglycemia in patients with insulinomas
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309163291203
– volume: 83
  start-page: 9245
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_144
  article-title: Reflex splanchnic nerve stimulation increases levels of proenkephalin a mrna and proenkephalin a-related peptides in the rat adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9245
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1045
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_115
  article-title: Immunohistochemical localization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) in the adrenal medulla of the rat
  publication-title: Peptides
  doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)00076-V
– volume: 287
  start-page: E32
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Hypoglycemia and the sympathoadrenal system: Neurogenic symptoms are largely the result of sympathetic neural, rather than adrenomedullary, activation
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00539.2003
– ident: ref_40
  doi: 10.3390/ijms23084340
– volume: 275
  start-page: 201
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_123
  article-title: Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: Cell Tissue Res.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00319418
– volume: 28
  start-page: 425
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Differential role of snap-25 phosphorylation by protein kinases a and c in the regulation of snare complex formation and exocytosis in pc12 cells
  publication-title: Cell. Signal.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.014
– volume: 45
  start-page: 111
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Snare complex regulation by phosphorylation
  publication-title: Cell Biochem. Biophys.
  doi: 10.1385/CBB:45:1:111
– volume: 210
  start-page: 76
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: The effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia and opioid antagonists on the adrenal catecholamine synthetic capacity in a rat model of haaf
  publication-title: Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin.
  doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.004
– volume: 8
  start-page: e001194
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Hypoglycemia in patient with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin: It can happen
  publication-title: BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care
  doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001194
– ident: ref_1
– volume: 87
  start-page: 2575
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_118
  article-title: Expression and function of vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and their receptors in the human adrenal gland
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8571
– volume: 388
  start-page: 285
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_122
  article-title: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulates the secretion of catecholamines from the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016615
– volume: 18
  start-page: 15
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_103
  article-title: Multiple signaling pathways in bovine chromaffin cells regulate tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation at ser19, ser31, and ser40
  publication-title: Neurochem. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00966919
– volume: 123
  start-page: 2140
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_147
  article-title: Differential response of substance p-containing subtypes of adrenomedullary cells to different stressors
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/endo-123-4-2140
– volume: 56
  start-page: 217
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: Antecedent hindbrain glucoprivation does not impair the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/db06-1025
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1902
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Hypoglycemia in diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1902
– volume: 369
  start-page: 362
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: Mechanisms of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1215228
– volume: 31
  start-page: 691
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Experimental models of impaired hypoglycaemia-associated counter-regulation
  publication-title: Trends Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.008
– volume: 132
  start-page: 1757
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_120
  article-title: Ca2+-dependent stimulatory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on catecholamine secretion from cultured porcine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/endo.132.4.8384995
– volume: 19
  start-page: 511
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_129
  article-title: Evidence for a paracrine role of endogenous adrenomedullary galanin in the regulation of glucocorticoid secretion in the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: Int. J. Mol. Med.
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1176
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A population-based study of health service resource use
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1176
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173839
– volume: 173
  start-page: 1425
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: Adrenaline: Insights into its metabolic roles in hypoglycaemia and diabetes
  publication-title: Br. J. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/bph.13458
– volume: 63
  start-page: 1895
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Orexinergic activation of medullary premotor neurons modulates the adrenal sympathoexcitation to hypothalamic glucoprivation
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/db13-1073
– volume: 2016
  start-page: 9801640
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Challenges in modelling hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure: A review of human and animal studies
  publication-title: Int. J. Endocrinol.
  doi: 10.1155/2016/9801640
– volume: 57
  start-page: 3169
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/db08-1084
– volume: 100
  start-page: 479
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_100
  article-title: Sustained phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine 40: A novel mechanism for maintenance of catecholamine synthesis
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04213.x
– volume: 104
  start-page: 159
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_134
  article-title: Substance p modulates the time course of nicotinic but not muscarinic catecholamine secretion from perfused adrenal glands of rat
  publication-title: Br. J. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12401.x
– volume: 42
  start-page: S104
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Can J Diabetes
  doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.010
– volume: 182
  start-page: 403
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_137
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide provokes cultured rat chromaffin cells to secrete adrenaline
  publication-title: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80159-7
– volume: 29
  start-page: 314
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_154
  article-title: Peripheral and central glucose sensing in hypoglycemic detection
  publication-title: Physiology
  doi: 10.1152/physiol.00069.2013
– volume: 220
  start-page: 117
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Distribution and neurochemical characterization of neurons in the rat ventrolateral medulla activated by glucoprivation
  publication-title: Brain Struct. Funct.
  doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0642-3
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Direct effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia on adrenal catecholamine release
  publication-title: Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res.
  doi: 10.1177/1479164114549755
– volume: 82
  start-page: 377
  year: 1985
  ident: ref_131
  article-title: Localization of enkephalins in adrenaline cells and the nerves innervating adrenaline cells in rat adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Histochemistry
  doi: 10.1007/BF00494067
– volume: 9
  start-page: 711
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: What’s new in endocrinology: The chromaffin cell
  publication-title: Front. Endocrinol.
  doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00711
– volume: 157
  start-page: 33
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: The innervation of the adrenal gland. I. The source of pre-and postganglionic nerve fibres to the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: J. Anat.
– volume: 242
  start-page: 233
  year: 1985
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Immunohistochemical and biochemical study on the development of the noradrenaline- and adrenaline-storing cells of the adrenal medulla of the rat
  publication-title: Cell Tissue Res.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00214536
– volume: 247
  start-page: E157
  year: 1984
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Effect of epinephrine on glucose metabolism in humans: Contribution of the liver
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. -Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1984.247.2.E157
– volume: 9
  start-page: 4150
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: Cross-communication between acetylcholine and vip in controlling catecholamine secretion by affecting camp, inositol triphosphate, protein kinase c, and calcium in rat adrenal medulla
  publication-title: J. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-12-04150.1989
– volume: 50
  start-page: 93
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: The neuronal and extraneuronal origins of plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in rats
  publication-title: J. Auton. Nerv. Syst.
  doi: 10.1016/0165-1838(94)90127-9
– volume: 86
  start-page: 5956
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_124
  article-title: Npy regulates catecholamine secretion from human adrenal chromaffin cells
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8091
– volume: 4
  start-page: e00226
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Carvedilol prevents impairment of the counterregulatory response in recurrently hypoglycaemic diabetic rats
  publication-title: Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab.
  doi: 10.1002/edm2.226
– volume: 26
  start-page: 191
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_142
  article-title: Insulin hypoglycemia increases the levels of neuropeptide y and calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not of chromogranins a and b, in rat chromaffin granules
  publication-title: Regul. Pept.
  doi: 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90187-0
– volume: 281
  start-page: 17644
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: Differential regulation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms via hierarchical phosphorylation
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.M512194200
– volume: 44
  start-page: 327
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_127
  article-title: Neurotensin affects metabolism of opioid peptides, catecholamines and inositol phospholipids in bovine chromaffin cells
  publication-title: Life Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90226-9
– volume: 234
  start-page: 80
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors induces rapid gene transcription
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.3749894
– volume: 256
  start-page: R1232
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Capsaicin abolishes lipoprivic but not glucoprivic feeding in rats
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.6.R1232
– volume: 99
  start-page: 664
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in healthy humans: Comparison of two vs three periods of hypoglycemia on hypoglycemia-induced counterregulatory and symptom response 5 days later
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3493
– volume: 281
  start-page: E455
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: Effects of antecedent hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and excess corticosterone on hypoglycemic counterregulation
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.E455
– ident: ref_73
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050535
– volume: 6
  start-page: bvac123
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Experimentally induced hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in humans: Determinants, designs, and drawbacks
  publication-title: J. Endocr. Soc.
  doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvac123
– volume: 99
  start-page: 351
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_82
  article-title: Effects of insulin per se on neuroendocrine and metabolic counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia
  publication-title: Clin. Sci.
  doi: 10.1042/cs0990351
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1813
  year: 1981
  ident: ref_133
  article-title: Somatostatin and substance p inhibit catecholamine secretion from isolated cells of guinea-pig adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90215-3
– volume: 39
  start-page: 1669
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_149
  article-title: Opiate receptor-mediated inhibition of catecholamine release in primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08001.x
– volume: 114
  start-page: 153
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_128
  article-title: Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the preganglionic sympathetic nerves and in the adrenal medulla of the cat
  publication-title: Acta Physiol. Scand.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb06965.x
– volume: 50
  start-page: 2831
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Acute 2dg-induced glucoprivation or dexamethasone abolishes 2dg-induced glucoregulatory responses to subsequent glucoprivation
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2831
– volume: 8
  start-page: 297
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_139
  article-title: Pacap in the adrenal gland--relationship with choline acetyltransferase, enkephalin and chromaffin cells and effects of immunological sympathectomy
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/00001756-199612200-00059
– volume: 123
  start-page: 1922
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Recurrent hypoglycemia: Boosting the brain’s metabolic flexibility
  publication-title: J. Clin. Investig.
  doi: 10.1172/JCI69796
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1271814
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Current and future therapies to treat impaired awareness of hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Front. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271814
– volume: 12
  start-page: 358
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: Hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure
  publication-title: Clin. Auton. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s10286-002-0035-9
– volume: 155
  start-page: e202213180
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Pacap and acetylcholine cause distinct ca2+ signals and secretory responses in chromaffin cells
  publication-title: J. Gen. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1085/jgp.202213180
– volume: 1454
  start-page: 68
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, counterregulatory responses, and therapeutic options in type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
  doi: 10.1111/nyas.14214
– volume: 470
  start-page: 169
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: V-snare function in chromaffin cells
  publication-title: Pflug. Arch
  doi: 10.1007/s00424-017-2066-z
– volume: 91
  start-page: 1025
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: Regulation and consequences
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1323
  year: 1982
  ident: ref_132
  article-title: Co-storage of enkephalins and adrenaline in the bovine adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(82)91138-1
– volume: 317
  start-page: E388
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Repetitive hypoglycemia reduces activation of glucose-responsive neurons in c1 and c3 medullary brain regions to subsequent hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00051.2019
– volume: 70
  start-page: 183
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Immunohistochemical features of substance p-immunoreactive chromaffin cells and nerve fibers in the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: Arch. Histol. Cytol.
  doi: 10.1679/aohc.70.183
– volume: 281
  start-page: R1562
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: Role of endogenous pacap in catecholamine secretion from the rat adrenal gland. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. -Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.R1562
– volume: 20
  start-page: 1763
  year: 1971
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Effect of repeated administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose or insulin on catechol- amine-synthesizing enzymes in rat adrenals
  publication-title: Biochem. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90374-1
– volume: 30
  start-page: 921
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: The chromaffin cell and its development
  publication-title: Neurochem. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-005-6966-5
– volume: 455
  start-page: 187
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Spinal origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat
  publication-title: Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90132-1
– volume: 23
  start-page: 482
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Impact of hybrid closed loop therapy on hypoglycemia awareness in individuals with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycemia awareness
  publication-title: Diabetes Technol. Ther.
  doi: 10.1089/dia.2020.0593
– volume: 56
  start-page: 331
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Catecholamine metabolism: A contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine
  publication-title: Pharmacol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1124/pr.56.3.1
– volume: 244
  start-page: 468
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_125
  article-title: Neuropeptide y inhibits the nicotine-mediated release of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells
  publication-title: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
– volume: 59
  start-page: 113
  year: 1994
  ident: ref_116
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide in the adrenal gland of mammals: Distribution, characterization and responses to drugs
  publication-title: Neuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1159/000126647
– volume: 96
  start-page: 3424
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_151
  article-title: Opioid receptor blockade improves hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1723
– volume: 29
  start-page: 11
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_153
  article-title: Revisiting how the brain senses glucose—And why
  publication-title: Cell Metab.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.001
– volume: 505
  start-page: 23
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced hyperglycemia: Role for direct sympathetic nervous system activation of liver glucose output
  publication-title: Brain Res.
  doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90111-X
– volume: 41
  start-page: 1612
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in rat brain and adrenal gland
  publication-title: Neurochem. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-016-1875-3
– volume: 170
  start-page: 789
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_140
  article-title: Neuropeptide coding of sympathetic preganglionic neurons; focus on adrenally projecting populations
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.047
– volume: 45
  start-page: 520
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Beliefs around hypoglycemia and their impacts on hypoglycemia outcomes in individuals with type 1 diabetes and high risks for hypoglycemia despite using advanced diabetes technologies
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc21-1285
– volume: 19
  start-page: 1141
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_102
  article-title: Pacap stimulates the sustained phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine 40
  publication-title: Cell. Signal.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.12.006
– volume: 14
  start-page: 421
  year: 1991
  ident: ref_96
  article-title: Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Neurosci.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002225
– volume: 3
  start-page: 729S
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: 2-deoxy-d-glucose but not 2-mercaptoacetate increases fos-like immunoreactivity in adrenal medulla and sympathetic preganglionic neurons
  publication-title: Obes. Res.
  doi: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00492.x
– volume: 521
  start-page: 2703
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: Neurochemical codes of sympathetic preganglionic neurons activated by glucoprivation
  publication-title: J. Comp. Neurol.
  doi: 10.1002/cne.23310
– volume: 62
  start-page: 611
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_146
  article-title: Rapid and long-lasting increase in galanin mrna levels in rat adrenal medulla following insulin-induced reflex splanchnic nerve stimulation
  publication-title: Neuroendocrinology
  doi: 10.1159/000127057
– volume: 139
  start-page: 1061
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_136
  article-title: Modulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor function by the neuropeptides cgrp and substance p on autonomic nerve cells
  publication-title: Br. J. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705337
– volume: 247
  start-page: 309
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_135
  article-title: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp)-like immunoreactivity in scattered chromaffin cells and nerve fibers in the adrenal gland of rats
  publication-title: Cell Tissue Res.
  doi: 10.1007/BF00218312
– volume: 11
  start-page: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: Hypoglycaemia: Its pathophysiology in insulin treated diabetes and hypoglycaemia unawareness
  publication-title: Br. J. Diabetes Vasc. Dis.
  doi: 10.1177/1474651410397248
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1335
  year: 1997
  ident: ref_143
  article-title: Elevated neuropeptide y gene expression and release during hypoglycemic stress
  publication-title: Peptides
  doi: 10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00212-X
– volume: 147
  start-page: 2781
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Antecedent hypoglycemia, catecholamine depletion, and subsequent sympathetic neural responses
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1247
– volume: 46
  start-page: 447
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Different effects of insulin and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus and the adrenal medulla in rats—Molecular genetic and neurobiological advances
  publication-title: Brain Res. Bull.
  doi: 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00033-1
– volume: 8
  start-page: 9
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Adrenal cortex–medulla interactions in adaptation to stress and disease
  publication-title: Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.06.005
– volume: 276
  start-page: 40411
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_105
  article-title: Phosphorylation of ser(19) alters the conformation of tyrosine hydroxylase to increase the rate of phosphorylation of ser(40)
  publication-title: J. Biol. Chem.
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.M105280200
– volume: 25
  start-page: 679
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_126
  article-title: Neuropeptide y is localized together with enkephalins in adrenergic granules of bovine adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90268-0
– volume: 58
  start-page: 515
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Attenuated sympathoadrenal responses, but not severe hypoglycemia, during aggressive glycemic therapy of early type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/db08-1647
– volume: 99
  start-page: 1188
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_141
  article-title: Alpha-synuclein inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity in dopaminergic cells
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04146.x
– volume: 17
  start-page: 354
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Chromaffin cells: The peripheral brain
  publication-title: Mol. Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.176
– volume: 165
  start-page: 204
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-i in the human adrenal gland
  publication-title: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
  doi: 10.1016/0006-291X(89)91055-3
– volume: 40
  start-page: 768
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Central mechanisms of glucose sensing and counterregulation in defense of hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Endocr. Rev.
  doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00226
– volume: 313
  start-page: 463
  year: 1981
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Studies on secretion of catecholamines evoked by acetylcholine or transmural stimulation of the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013676
– ident: ref_99
  doi: 10.3390/cancers11081121
– volume: 36
  start-page: 886
  year: 1981
  ident: ref_150
  article-title: Studies on the inhibitory action of opiate compounds in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: Noninvolvement of stereospecific opiate binding sites
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01677.x
– volume: 99
  start-page: 461
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_148
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is a sympathoadrenal neurotransmitter involved in catecholamine regulation and glucohomeostasis
  publication-title: PNAS
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.012608999
– volume: 89
  start-page: 2057
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Plasma metanephrine levels are decreased in type 1 diabetic patients with a severely impaired epinephrine response to hypoglycemia, indicating reduced adrenomedullary stores of epinephrine
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031289
– volume: 5
  start-page: 57
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Uncovering undetected hypoglycemic events
  publication-title: Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther.
  doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S29367
– volume: 148
  start-page: 5780
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Regulation of serine (ser)-31 and ser40 tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius-a2 cell group: Role of erk1/2
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/en.2007-0510
– volume: 57
  start-page: 162
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Signal transduction pathways and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the adrenal medulla following glucoprivation: An in vivo analysis
  publication-title: Neurochem. Int.
  doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.05.009
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1865
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Repeated 2-deoxy-d-glucose-induced glucoprivation attenuates fos expression and glucoregulatory responses during subsequent glucoprivation
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1865
– volume: 30
  start-page: 167
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_121
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces gene expression of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β hydroxylase, through 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate- and protein kinase c-dependent mechanisms in cultured porcine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells
  publication-title: Neuropeptides
  doi: 10.1016/S0143-4179(96)90084-0
– volume: 307
  start-page: E580
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Partial blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors improves the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in recurrently hypoglycemic rats
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2014
– volume: 264
  start-page: R423
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Nonuniform regional sympathetic nerve responses to hyperinsulinemia in rats
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.
– volume: 105
  start-page: 3416
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Plasma epinephrine contributes to the development of experimental hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure
  publication-title: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa539
– volume: 37
  start-page: 1938
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: The sustained phase of tyrosine hydroxylase activation in vivo
  publication-title: Neurochem. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0812-3
– volume: 526
  start-page: 2665
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_94
  article-title: Insulin-responsive autonomic neurons in rat medulla oblongata
  publication-title: J. Comp. Neurol.
  doi: 10.1002/cne.24523
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1181856
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: Ghrelin does not impact the blunted counterregulatory response to recurrent hypoglycemia in mice
  publication-title: Front. Endocrinol.
  doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181856
– volume: 85
  start-page: 3240
  year: 1988
  ident: ref_145
  article-title: Neural and humoral factors separately regulate neuropeptide y, enkephalin, and chromogranin a and b mrna levels in rat adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.9.3240
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1681
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Diabetes impairs hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) responses to hypoglycemia, and insulin treatment normalizes hpa but not epinephrine responses
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1681
– volume: 35
  start-page: 1757
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Early loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc11-2010
– volume: 90
  start-page: 857
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Phosphorylation of ser19 increases both ser40 phosphorylation and enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in intact cells
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02550.x
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1119
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Effect of acute and antecedent hypoglycemia on sympathetic neural activity and catecholamine responsiveness in normal rats
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1119
– volume: 9
  start-page: e15009
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Mini-review: Glucagon responses in type 1 diabetes—A matter of complexity
  publication-title: Physiol. Rep.
– volume: 23
  start-page: 526
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Insulinoma-associated transient hypothalamus—Pituitary—Adrenal axis impairment and amelioration by steroid therapy and surgical intervention: A case report
  publication-title: Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70011-1
– volume: 313
  start-page: 119
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_110
  article-title: Glucoprivation by insulin leads to trans-synaptic increase in rat adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase mrna levels
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00508-0
– volume: 72
  start-page: 553
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Cholinergic and peptidergic neurotransmission in the adrenal medulla: A dynamic control of stimulus-secretion coupling
  publication-title: IUBMB Life
  doi: 10.1002/iub.2117
– volume: 9
  start-page: 233
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_138
  article-title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and pacap receptor expression and function in the rat adrenal gland
  publication-title: Int J Mol Med
– volume: 288
  start-page: E422
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Effects of diabetes and recurrent hypoglycemia on the regulation of the sympathoadrenal system and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00389.2004
– volume: 42
  start-page: 15
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Defective counterregulation and hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetes: Mechanisms and emerging treatments
  publication-title: Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.005
– volume: 25
  start-page: 517
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia continues to be a risk factor for severe hypoglycemia despite the use of continuous glucose monitoring system in type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Endocr. Pract. Off. J. Am. Coll. Endocrinol. Am. Assoc. Clin. Endocrinol.
– volume: 16
  start-page: 259
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Managing severe hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes: Current challenges and emerging therapies
  publication-title: Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.
  doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S313837
– volume: 9
  start-page: 463
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. PER
– volume: 15
  start-page: 127
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Blunted glucagon but not epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia occurs in youth with less than 1 yr duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Pediatr. Diabetes
  doi: 10.1111/pedi.12070
– volume: 125
  start-page: 624
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_130
  article-title: In vivo demonstration of a paracrine, inhibitory action of met-enkephalin on adrenomedullary catecholamine release in the rat
  publication-title: Endocrinology
  doi: 10.1210/endo-125-2-624
– volume: 89
  start-page: 535
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Catecholaminergic systems in stress: Structural and molecular genetic approaches
  publication-title: Physiol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2006
– volume: 17
  start-page: 819
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Hypoglycemia: The neglected complication
  publication-title: Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.117219
– volume: 470
  start-page: 79
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_114
  article-title: Pacap signaling in stress: Insights from the chromaffin cell
  publication-title: Pflügers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00424-017-2062-3
– volume: 159
  start-page: 40
  year: 1961
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: The role of calcium in the secretory response of the adrenal medulla to acetylcholine
  publication-title: J. Physiol.
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006791
– volume: 3
  start-page: e12307
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Posttranscriptional regulation of adrenal th gene expression contributes to the maladaptive responses triggered by insuli—Induced recurrent hypoglycemia
  publication-title: Physiol. Rep.
  doi: 10.14814/phy2.12307
– volume: 282
  start-page: E1369
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: Effects of recurrent hyperinsulinemia with and without hypoglycemia on counterregulation in diabetic rats
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.
  doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00480.2001
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Opinion: The collaboration of adrenal cortex and medulla from clinical viewpoint
  publication-title: Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. Disord.
– volume: 128
  start-page: 3866
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Recurrent hypoglycemia inhibits the counterregulatory response by suppressing adrenal activity
  publication-title: J. Clin. Investig.
  doi: 10.1172/JCI91921
– volume: 25
  start-page: 360
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Surgical removal of insulinoma restores glucose recovery from hypoglycaemia but does not normalize insulin action
  publication-title: Eur. J. Clin. Investig.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01714.x
– volume: 10
  start-page: 973
  year: 1983
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Contribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the secretion of catecholamines evoked by endogenous and exogenous acetylcholine
  publication-title: Neuroscience
  doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90235-X
– volume: 3
  start-page: 331
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Phosphorylation of snapin by pka modulates its interaction with the snare complex
  publication-title: Nat. Cell Biol.
  doi: 10.1038/35070000
– ident: ref_43
– volume: 39
  start-page: 641
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.003
– volume: 59
  start-page: 780
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Transsynaptic regulation of galanin, neurotensin, and substance p in the adrenal medulla: Combinatorial control by second-messenger signaling pathways
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09440.x
– volume: 263
  start-page: R716
  year: 1992
  ident: ref_47
  article-title: Selective activation of norepinephrine- and epinephrine-secreting chromaffin cells in rat adrenal medulla
  publication-title: Am. J. Physiol.
– volume: 13
  start-page: 42
  year: 2023
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: Still excited, but less aroused-the effects of nutritional ketosis on epinephrine response and hypothalamic orexin neuron activation following recurrent hypoglycemia in diabetic rats
  publication-title: Metabolites
  doi: 10.3390/metabo13010042
– volume: 110
  start-page: 1214
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: Pacap regulates immediate catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells in an activity-dependent manner through a protein kinase c-dependent pathway
  publication-title: J. Neurochem.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06206.x
SSID ssj0000605701
Score 2.274713
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of...
SourceID doaj
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 100
SubjectTerms adrenal
Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic neuropathies
Catecholamines
Coma
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Dysautonomia
Enzymatic activity
Galanin
Glucagon
Glucose monitoring
Health aspects
Hormones
hypoglycaemia
hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure
Hypoglycemia
Insulin
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Molecular modelling
Monitoring systems
Nervous system
Neuropeptide Y
Pancreas
Phosphorylation
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Post-transcription
Proenkephalin
Tyrosine
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Ni9RAEG1kT15EXT9GV2lB9BQ2naQ7yTGKwyCsiLiwt6a_IgMzyeJmDnPzR_gL_SW-SmfGGUW8eAokHdJdVd31XqeqmrGXZa68KA00gOUvKax1iUl9m7i8djaUgMwZ5Q5ffFCLy-L9lbw6OOqLYsJieeAouHPXytRZ63NZmaJyaeWFgw9UwUkDNj6ydbixAzIV12DgkFTEKo05eP35OgyQqiC6JCid7cALjcX6_1ySfwOao8OZ32V3JqTIm9jDe-xW6O6z06YDS15v-Ss-xm6Om-KnzH7qV4H3LQec4w0lZ-PNC3gRKJkvO77YXvdfVltnwnppkp1KgufNZoiJyXxulhSh_uPb94bHMBnc_PgrFfMBu5y_-_x2kUynJySuqNWQhCwTppQgVAUoTxC5TUVbS2vqUNjUA9e4LLQqbU1ZWaVsDmAHhXoly7YECcofspOu78Jjxr2h35FG-goABhdjZBAi1B4esFatm7FkJ03tptLidMLFSoNikPT1sfRn7PW-_XUsqvHXlm9IOftWVAx7vAET0ZOJ6H-ZCD5HqtU0ZdEtZ6bMAwyOil_phv69UlUAMWNnRy0x1dzx451x6Gmq32jgpRQgGrR3xl7sH9ObFL7WhX5zo7FwgplWRY2-PIpGtR9SPkLUOnvyP4b6lN3OgLriHtEZOxm-bsIzoKbBPh8nyE-_RBTD
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1La9wwEBbp5tJLaZo-tk2KCqU9mUi2JduHEpyQZSlkCaGB3IReDgu79ibxHvbWH5FfmF_SGb_SbWlPBlu2Jc1o5htpHoR8TiLpeKKBAiD-gtgYG2jmisBGmTU-AcgcYuzw-UxOr-Lv1-J6h8z6WBh0q-xlYiOoXWVxj_wI1BIDrALWxfHqNsCqUXi62pfQ0F1pBfetSTH2jOyGWFV5RHZPzmYXl8OuCwP0njDeZm-MwN4_WvoaZpujGcUxzO037dQk8f9bVP8BQBtFNHlJXnQIkuYtyffIji9fkf28BOt5uaFfaOPT2WyW7xNzWS08rQoKMI_mGLQNb56DdgHi03lJp5tVdbPYWO2Xcx30pPKO5uu6DVimEz1Hz_XHnw85bd1n4ObFU4jma3I1OftxOg26qgqBjTNZBz4MuU4EGFoxmEKeR4bxIhNGZz42zAHesaEvJCt0khopTQSADwjtpEiKBIyj6A0ZlVXp3xHqNB5TauFSADZw0Vp4zn3mQDNmsrBjEvSzqWyXchwrXywUmB44-2p79sfk69B-1Sbb-GfLEyTO0AqTZDc3qrsb1a05ZQvBrDEuEqmOU8tSxy2wh_RWaAbsBL9D0ipcytAtq7uIBBgcJsVSOZ7JYrYAPiYHWy1hCdrtxz1zqE4E3Ksnhh2TT8NjfBPd2kpfre8VCFSwWNM4g768bZlqGFLUQNcsfP__j38gz0PAWe2u0AEZ1Xdrfwg4qTYfO-b_BbbQEpM
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Role of the Adrenal Medulla in Hypoglycaemia-Associated Autonomic Failure—A Diabetic Perspective
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38392992
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2930977917
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3182878490
https://doaj.org/article/cf50cbbd358a48c08d1c1556ec5a0930
Volume 14
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAFT
  databaseName: Open Access Digital Library
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: KQ8
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html
  providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries
– providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVBFR
  databaseName: Free Medical Journals - Free Access to All
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: DIK
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://www.freemedicaljournals.com
  providerName: Flying Publisher
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
– providerCode: PRVAQN
  databaseName: PubMed
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: RPM
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
  providerName: National Library of Medicine
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20110101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVFZP
  databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2218-1989
  dateEnd: 20250831
  omitProxy: true
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000605701
  issn: 2218-1989
  databaseCode: M48
  dateStart: 20111101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://journals.scholarsportal.info
  providerName: Scholars Portal
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1ba9swFBZd-7KXsa27pO2CBqN78ibZlmw_jOGOhjBIKWWBvgndXAKJnaYOLG_9EfuF-yU7x5eMbN2eDLZ8O-dI-j7pXAh5l0TS8USDBmD4C2JjbKCZKwIbZdb4BCBziLHDkws5nsZfr8X1HuldeTsB3j1I7bCe1HQ1__D9dvMZOvwnZJxA2T8ufA0C48iEOGOny9sAi0rh5mtXYeMROYCJKkSjn3Tovx2oAaww3qZyfOBJO1NVk9H_73H7DzTazEqjp-RJBydp3ur_Gdnz5XNymJdApRcbekobB89m5fyQmKtq7mlVUMB8NMcIbrhzAlMNWAKdlXS8WVY3843VfjHTQa8372i-rtvoZTrSM3Rj_3n_I6etLw2cvPwdr_mCTEfn376Mg67EQmDjTNaBD0OuEwGsKwZe5HlkGC8yYXTmY8McgB8b-kKyQiepkdJEgP5A606KpEiAKUUvyX5Zlf41oU7jnqUWLgWUAwethefcZw6myUwWdkCCXprKdvnHsQzGXAEPQemrXekPyPtt-2WbeeOfLc9QOdtWmDG7OVGtblTXAZUtBLPGuEikOk4tSx23gKWkt0KzLMLXoWoVWhp8ltVdeAL8HGbIUjlu0GLqAD4gJzstoT_a3cu9cajenBWAKgZIG7jxgLzdXsY70cet9NX6TsHoCvQ1jTP4lletUW1_KWpwbBYe_f_hx-RxCKCrXSI6Ifv1au3fAGiqzZAcnJ1fXF4Nm0WHYdMRfgGZqhls
linkProvider Scholars Portal
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Jb9NAFB6V9gAXBJQlUGCQWE5WZzxeDxVyoVFKm6iqWqm3YTZXkRI7NI5QbvwIfg8_hl_Ce15SAoJbT5HsseOZt31v5i2EvI5FZHmsgAKg_rxAa-MpZnPPiNRoFwNk9jF3eDiKBufBp4vwYoP86HJhMKyy04m1oralwT3yXTBLDLAKeBfvZ1887BqFp6tdCw3Vtlawe3WJsTax48gtv4ILN987_Aj0fuP7_YOzDwOv7TLgmSCNKs_5PldxCI5HAK6B40IznqehVqkLNLNg_43v8ojlKk50FGkBAAgmbqMwzmNwFgS89xbZAtghQKq29g9GJ6erXR4G3kLMeFMtUoiU7U5dBdTl6LZxTKv7zRrWTQP-Ng1_AN7a8PXvkbstYqVZw2L3yYYrHpDtrABvfbqkb2kdQ1pvzm8TfVpOHC1zCrCSZpgkDk8OwZoBs9FxQQfLWXk5WRrlpmPldazhLM0WVZMgTftqjJHyP799z2gTrgMXT65TQh-S8xtZ30dksygL94RQq_BYVIU2ASAFP0qFjnOXWrDEaZSbHvG61ZSmLXGOnTYmElwdXH25vvo98m41ftYU9_jnyH0kzmoUFuWuL5RXl7KVcWnykBmtrQgTFSSGJZYbYMfImVAxYF_4OyStRNUBn2VUmwEBk8MiXDLDM2CsTsB7ZGdtJIi8Wb_dMYdsVc5cXgtIj7xa3cYnMYyucOViLkGBg4ecBCl8y-OGqVZTEjVUTv2n_3_5S3J7cDY8lseHo6Nn5I4PGK_Zkdohm9XVwj0HjFbpF60gUPL5pmXvF2MJTqY
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Jb9NAFB6VVEJcEFCggQKDxHKyMuPdhwq5tFFKaRRVVOptmM1VpMQOjSOUGz-CX8XP4JfwnrcSENx6smSPtzdv-d7MWwh5FXmh4ZGEGQD15_hKaUcykznaS7SyEUBmF3OHT8fh6Nz_cBFcbJEfbS4MhlW2OrFS1KbQuEY-ALPEAKuAdzHImrCIyeHw3eKLgx2kcKe1bachmzYLZr8qN9YkeZzY9Vdw55b7x4cw969dd3j06f3IaToOONpPwtKxrstlFIAT4oObYLmnGM-SQMnE-ooZwALatVnIMhnFKgyVB2AIiGDCIMoicBw8eO4tsh1hvmiPbB8cjSdn3YoPA88hYryuHOl5CRvMbQkzzdGF45hi95tlrBoI_G0m_gC_lREc3iN3G_RK05rd7pMtmz8gO2kOnvt8Td_QKp60WqjfIeqsmFlaZBQgJk0xYRzuPAXLBoxHpzkdrRfF5WytpZ1PpdOyiTU0XZV1sjQdyilGzf_89j2ldegOnJxcp4c-JOc3Qt9HpJcXud0l1EjcIpWBiQFUwUHKwHJuEwNWOQkz3SdOS02hm3Ln2HVjJsDtQeqLTer3ydtu_KIu9PHPkQc4Od0oLNBdnSiuLkUj70JnAdNKGS-IpR9rFhuugR1DqwPJgJXhdTi1AtUIfJaWTTYE_BwW5BIp7gdjpQLeJ3sbI0H89eblljlEo36W4lpY-uRldxnvxJC63BarpQBlDt5y7CfwLY9rpup-yatgc-I--f_DX5DbIIPi4_H45Cm54wLcqxen9kivvFrZZwDXSvW8kQNKPt-06P0CCcRS4A
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Adrenal+Medulla+in+Hypoglycaemia-Associated+Autonomic+Failure%E2%80%94A+Diabetic+Perspective&rft.jtitle=Metabolites&rft.au=Senthilkumaran%2C+Manjula&rft.au=Koch%2C+Coen&rft.au=Herselman%2C+Mauritz+Frederick&rft.au=Bobrovskaya%2C+Larisa&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2218-1989&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=100&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fmetabo14020100&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2218-1989&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2218-1989&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2218-1989&client=summon