Influence of physical shape and salting on tomato drying performance using mixed mode solar and open-air methods in semi-cloudy weather

SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmen...

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Published inScientific reports Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 26340 - 29
Main Authors Elwakeel, Abdallah Elshawadfy, Ali, Guma, Eldin, Abdalla Zain, Alsebiey, Mohamed Mahmoud, Tantawy, Aml Abubakr, AL-Harbi, Mohammad S., Ahmed, Atef Fathy, Metwally, Khaled A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 20.07.2025
Nature Publishing Group
Nature Portfolio
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ISSN2045-2322
2045-2322
DOI10.1038/s41598-025-11194-5

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Abstract SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m 2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D eff ) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m 2 /s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R 2  = 0.999524, χ 2  = 6.74 × 10⁻ 5 , RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
AbstractList SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m 2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D eff ) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m 2 /s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R 2  = 0.999524, χ 2  = 6.74 × 10⁻ 5 , RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D ) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m /s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R  = 0.999524, χ  = 6.74 × 10⁻ , RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of$520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $ 1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
Abstract SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.
ArticleNumber 26340
Author Metwally, Khaled A.
Ali, Guma
Elwakeel, Abdallah Elshawadfy
AL-Harbi, Mohammad S.
Eldin, Abdalla Zain
Alsebiey, Mohamed Mahmoud
Tantawy, Aml Abubakr
Ahmed, Atef Fathy
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  fullname: Eldin, Abdalla Zain
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  givenname: Khaled A.
  surname: Metwally
  fullname: Metwally, Khaled A.
  organization: Soil and Water Sciences Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40685404$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords SD
Economic analysis
Thin layer modeling
Mathematical modeling
Environmental analysis
Tomato fruit
Drying kinetics
Language English
License 2025. The Author(s).
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Snippet SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical...
Abstract SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical...
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639/4077/4107
639/4077/893
639/4077/909
Agricultural products
Alternative energy
Ambient temperature
Climatic conditions
Cloud cover
Control algorithms
Dehydration
Drying
Drying kinetics
Economic analysis
Emissions
Emissions trading
Energy consumption
Energy efficiency
Food quality
Food safety
Fossil fuels
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humidity
Integrated approach
Life span
Mathematical modeling
Moisture content
multidisciplinary
Payback periods
Photovoltaics
Product quality
Quality control
Radiation
Renewable resources
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Solar dryers
Solar radiation
Sustainability
Temperature
Thin layer modeling
Tomato fruit
Tomatoes
Vitamin C
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Title Influence of physical shape and salting on tomato drying performance using mixed mode solar and open-air methods in semi-cloudy weather
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