Influence of physical shape and salting on tomato drying performance using mixed mode solar and open-air methods in semi-cloudy weather
SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmen...
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| Published in | Scientific reports Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 26340 - 29 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
20.07.2025
Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 2045-2322 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-025-11194-5 |
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| Abstract | SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m
2
due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D
eff
) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m
2
/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R
2
= 0.999524, χ
2
= 6.74 × 10⁻
5
, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m
2
due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D
eff
) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m
2
/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R
2
= 0.999524, χ
2
= 6.74 × 10⁻
5
, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions.SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C-conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms-halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices-and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25-39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h-substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (D ) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m /s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R = 0.999524, χ = 6.74 × 10⁻ , RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD's potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of$520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $ 1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. Abstract SD Solar drying is increasingly recognized as a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for preserving agricultural products, offering a practical alternative to fossil fuel-dependent methods and traditional open sun drying (OSD). However, its overall performance is highly influenced by environmental variability and system design. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a newly developed direct solar dryer (DDSD) for tomato dehydration, conducted under real and fluctuating climatic conditions in Aswan, Egypt, from February 22 to 27, 2025. During the trial period, solar irradiance ranged widely from 88 to 826 W/m2 due to intermittent cloud cover, while ambient temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 34 °C—conditions representative of actual field environments. Tomato samples were prepared in three physical forms—halves, quarters, and 6 mm slices—and subjected to two pretreatment methods (salted and unsalted) to assess their effects on drying kinetics. The DDSD demonstrated significantly better performance than OSD, reducing drying durations by 25–39.6%. The most efficient results were achieved for salted 6 mm slices, which dried in just 9 h—substantially faster than the 29 h for unsalted halves in DDSD and 48 h in OSD. These samples also exhibited the highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) (5.92 × 10⁻⁹ m2/s), reflecting enhanced internal moisture transport. Among 12 drying models evaluated, the Logistic model most accurately described the drying behavior in the DDSD, with an excellent statistical fit (R2 = 0.999524, χ2 = 6.74 × 10⁻5, RMSE = 0.006868). Economically, the DDSD, integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, required a modest initial investment of $520 and achieved a payback period of just 1.82 years for salted slices due to faster processing and increased throughput. From an environmental perspective, the system is projected to offset approximately 105.68 metric tons of CO₂ emissions over a 20-year lifespan, with an energy payback time of only 1.10 years and potential revenue of $1321.04 from carbon credits. These findings underscore the DDSD’s potential as a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and technically efficient solution for agricultural drying in solar-rich regions. |
| ArticleNumber | 26340 |
| Author | Metwally, Khaled A. Ali, Guma Elwakeel, Abdallah Elshawadfy AL-Harbi, Mohammad S. Eldin, Abdalla Zain Alsebiey, Mohamed Mahmoud Tantawy, Aml Abubakr Ahmed, Atef Fathy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Abdallah Elshawadfy surname: Elwakeel fullname: Elwakeel, Abdallah Elshawadfy email: abdallah_elshawadfy@agr.aswu.edu.eg organization: Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University – sequence: 2 givenname: Guma surname: Ali fullname: Ali, Guma email: a.guma@muni.ac.ug organization: Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Technoscience, Muni University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Abdalla Zain surname: Eldin fullname: Eldin, Abdalla Zain organization: Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University – sequence: 4 givenname: Mohamed Mahmoud surname: Alsebiey fullname: Alsebiey, Mohamed Mahmoud organization: Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University – sequence: 5 givenname: Aml Abubakr surname: Tantawy fullname: Tantawy, Aml Abubakr organization: Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University – sequence: 6 givenname: Mohammad S. surname: AL-Harbi fullname: AL-Harbi, Mohammad S. organization: Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University – sequence: 7 givenname: Atef Fathy surname: Ahmed fullname: Ahmed, Atef Fathy organization: Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University – sequence: 8 givenname: Khaled A. surname: Metwally fullname: Metwally, Khaled A. organization: Soil and Water Sciences Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40685404$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s) 2025 2025. The Author(s). The Author(s) 2025. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. The Author(s) 2025 2025 |
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| Keywords | SD Economic analysis Thin layer modeling Mathematical modeling Environmental analysis Tomato fruit Drying kinetics |
| Language | English |
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| Title | Influence of physical shape and salting on tomato drying performance using mixed mode solar and open-air methods in semi-cloudy weather |
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