A novel scale based on biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity can predict the need for hospitalization and intensive care, as well as enhanced probabilities for mortality
Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be develo...
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          | Published in | Scientific reports Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 9064 - 9 | 
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 
| Format | Journal Article | 
| Language | English | 
| Published | 
        London
          Nature Publishing Group UK
    
        04.06.2023
     Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio  | 
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text | 
| ISSN | 2045-2322 2045-2322  | 
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-023-30913-4 | 
Cover
| Abstract | Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson’s correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87–0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; all with
p
 < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62–0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87–0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86–0.94; all with
p
 < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at:
http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php | 
    
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson’s correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87–0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62–0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87–0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86–0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson's correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87-0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62-0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87-0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86-0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php.Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson's correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87-0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62-0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87-0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86-0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php. Abstract Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson’s correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87–0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62–0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87–0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86–0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson’s correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87–0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94–0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62–0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87–0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86–0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless, such tools are underdeveloped in the context of COVID-19. In the present article we asked whether accurate prognostic scales could be developed to optimize the use of hospital resources. We retrospectively studied 467 files of hospitalized patients after COVID-19. The odds ratios for 16 different biomarkers were calculated, those that were significantly associated were screened by a Pearson's correlation, and such index was used to establish the mathematical function for each marker. The scales to predict the need for hospitalization, intensive-care requirement and mortality had enhanced sensitivities (0.91 CI 0.87-0.94; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; 0.96 CI 0.94-0.98; all with p < 0.0001) and specificities (0.74 CI 0.62-0.83; 0.92 CI 0.87-0.96 and 0.91 CI 0.86-0.94; all with p < 0.0001). Interestingly, when a different population was assayed, these parameters did not change considerably. These results show a novel approach to establish the mathematical function of a marker in the development of highly sensitive prognostic tools, which in this case, may aid in the optimization of hospital resources. An online version of the three algorithms can be found at: http://benepachuca.no-ip.org/covid/index.php.  | 
    
| ArticleNumber | 9064 | 
    
| Author | Hernández-Islas, Sergio del Campo, Alejandro Lechuga-Martín García-Callejas, Karla Aco-Cuamani, Yanira Lizeth Rodríguez-Peña, Samuel Hernández-Romero, Ángel Raúl Rueda-Medécigo, María José Sandoval-García, Araceli Maldonado-del-Arenal, Alejandro Durán-Méndez, Alejandro Mejía-Rangel, Analiz Martínez-Francisco, Eneyda Gutiérrez-Losada, Valeria Escorcia-Saucedo, Ana Elena Pérez-Ortega, Daniela Macedo-Falcon, Diana Ali Jardínez-Vera, Aldo Christiaan García-Otero, Ana Lizeth García-Chávez, Nazareth Escudero-Roque, Lupita Peón, Alberto N. Aguilar-Arroyo, Alma Delia Romero-López, Gabriel León-del-Ángel, Adalberto Hernández-Muñoz, Jeffrey Nieto-Ortega, Eduardo Rodríguez-Segura, Estephany Cova-Bonilla, Miguel Vázquez-García, Blanca Azucena Montaño‑Olmos, Daniela Magos, Montserrat  | 
    
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37271755$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed | 
    
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| References | ParkSYNomogram: An analogue tool to deliver digital knowledgeJ. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.20181554179310.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.12.10729370910 ZhangLThe common risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysisArch. Virol.20211668207120871:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXotVCgtro%3D10.1007/s00705-021-05012-2337976218017903 Rahmah, L., et al. Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol. Rep. 1–24 (2022). Sevilla-CastilloFBoth chloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir are ineffective for COVID-19 treatment and combined worsen the pathology: A single-center experience with severely ill patientsBiomed. Res. Int.20212021882131810.1155/2021/8821318337327447871110 Contreras-GrandeJChest computed tomography findings associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica202138220621310.17843/rpmesp.2021.382.656234468566 Durán-MéndezATocilizumab reduces COVID-19 mortality and pathology in a dose and timing-dependent fashion: A multi-centric studySci. Rep.2021111197282021NatSR..1119728D10.1038/s41598-021-99291-z346112518492686 TiryakiŞDabeşlimHAksuYChest computed tomographic findings of patients with COVID-19-related pneumoniaActa Radiol. Open20211022058460121989309336141617874355 IzcovichAPrognostic factors for severity and mortality in patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic reviewPLoS ONE202015111:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlyqsL3J10.1371/journal.pone.0241955332018967671522 LitmanovichDEReview of chest radiograph findings of COVID-19 pneumonia and suggested reporting languageJ. Thorac. Imaging202035635436032520846 SheikhSAl-MandhariACOVID-19: Questionable seasonalityJ. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak.2022326827828 GuoJCURB-65 may serve as a useful prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients within Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort studyEpidemiol. Infect.20201481:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFarurfI10.1017/S095026882000236832998791 GrifoniEThe CALL score for predicting outcomes in patients with COVID-19Clin. Infect. Dis.20217211821831:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXjslaqsbw%3D32474605 MeloAKGBiomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS ONE20211661:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsVyitrzK10.1371/journal.pone.0253894341858018241122 CapolongoSCOVID-19 and Healthcare Facilities: A Decalogue of Design Strategies for Resilient HospitalsActa Biomed.2020919s50601:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXis1OjtLfM327019178023092 FocosiDMaggiFCasadevallAMucosal vaccines, sterilizing immunity, and the future of SARS-CoV-2 virulenceViruses2022142110.3390/v14020187 WuZMcGooganJMCharacteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and preventionJAMA202032313123912421:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXnsFCqsrs%3D10.1001/jama.2020.264832091533 ChuaPEYEpidemiological and clinical characteristics of non-severe and severe pediatric and adult COVID-19 patients across different geographical regions in the early phase of pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studiesJ. Investig. Med.20216971287129610.1136/jim-2021-001858341350688485127 KhodeirMMEarly prediction keys for COVID-19 cases progression: A meta-analysisJ. Infect. Public Health202114556156910.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.001338488857934660 ShiCPredictors of mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysisBMC Infect. Dis.20212116631:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsFGhtbfF10.1186/s12879-021-06369-0342382328264491 BarbashIJKahnJMFostering hospital resilience—lessons from COVID-19JAMA202132686936941:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvFChurfO10.1001/jama.2021.1248434323923 Castro, H.M., Prieto, M.A., & Muñoz, A.M. Prevalence of burnout in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors. A cross-sectional study. Medicina (B Aires)82(4), 479–486 (2022). SuHMultilevel threshold image segmentation for COVID-19 chest radiography: A framework using horizontal and vertical multiverse optimizationComput. Biol. Med.20221461:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitVOmtbrE10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105618356904779113963 MalikPBiomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ Evid. Based Med.202126310710810.1136/bmjebm-2020-11153632934000 Molina, H., & Rodríguez, I. Al alza, saturación de hospitales por Covid-19. 2022 [cited 2022 08/08/2022]; Available from: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Al-alza-saturacion-de-hospitales-por-Covid-19-20220117-0137.html. Parra-BracamonteGMLopez-VillalobosNParra-BracamonteFEClinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of patients with COVID-19 in a large data set from MexicoAnn. Epidemiol.2020529398.e210.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.005327987017426229 MrukBChest computed tomography (CT) severity scales in COVID-19 disease: A validation studyMed. Sci. Monit.2021271:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslKrs7fK10.12659/MSM.931283339478238108556 Organization, W.H. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2022 05/08/2022 [cited 2022 02/08/2022]; Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Bertoni, V.B., et al. Resilience, Safety and Health: Reflections About Covid-19’ Assistance. In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021) (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021). JiDPrediction for progression risk in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: The CALL scoreClin. Infect. Dis.2020716139313991:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvFygt73L10.1093/cid/ciaa41432271369 FuLClinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysisJ. Infect.20208066566651:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtVantLzE10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041322831557151416 KimKMRapid prediction of in-hospital mortality among adults with COVID-19 diseasePLoS ONE202217744782921:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitVKlu7%2FP10.1371/journal.pone.0269813359050729337639 Eduardo Nieto-Ortega, D.A.M.-F., & Peón, A. N. Calculadora de riesgo de progresión a hospitalización por COVID-19, enfermedad crítica y muerte. Estudio retrospectivo observacional. Soc. Esp Bene 3, 1–15 (2022). KermaliMThe role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19 - A systematic reviewLife Sci20202541:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtVSjs7fK10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117788324758107219356 VelavanTPMeyerCGMild versus severe COVID-19: Laboratory markersInt. J. Infect. Dis.2020953043071:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXoslenu7k%3D10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.061323440117194601 XieJClinical characteristics, laboratory abnormalities and CT findings of COVID-19 patients and risk factors of severe disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisAnn. Palliat. Med.20211021928194910.21037/apm-20-186333548996 KamranSMCALL score and RAS score as predictive models for coronavirus disease 2019Cureus20201211333047017721080 Al-AmerRNurses experience of caring for patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological studyFront. Psychiatry20221310.3389/fpsyt.2022.922410359354109346630 QiADirectional mutation and crossover boosted ant colony optimization with application to COVID-19 X-ray image segmentationComput. Biol. Med.20221481:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvFGqtb3L10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105810358680499278012 JangJGPrognostic accuracy of the SIRS, qSOFA, and news for early detection of clinical deterioration in SARS-CoV-2 infected patientsJ. Kor. Med. Sci.202035251:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVShtrfM10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e234 Castagna, F. et al. Hospital bed occupancy rate is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 inpatient mortality: A pandemic epicentre cohort study. 12(2), e058171 (2022). Sánchez, J. Hospitales de Hidalgo comienzan a reportar saturación de camas por covid. 2021 [cited 2022 08/08/2022]; Available from: https://www.milenio.com/ciencia-y-salud/hidalgo-hospitales-comienzan-reportar-saturacion-camas-covid. 30913_CR10 DE Litmanovich (30913_CR18) 2020; 35 PEY Chua (30913_CR31) 2021; 69 S Capolongo (30913_CR41) 2020; 91 A Durán-Méndez (30913_CR9) 2021; 11 JG Jang (30913_CR15) 2020; 35 SY Park (30913_CR27) 2018; 155 M Kermali (30913_CR22) 2020; 254 C Shi (30913_CR29) 2021; 21 A Qi (30913_CR37) 2022; 148 B Mruk (30913_CR19) 2021; 27 SM Kamran (30913_CR13) 2020; 12 D Focosi (30913_CR39) 2022; 14 L Zhang (30913_CR28) 2021; 166 H Su (30913_CR36) 2022; 146 Ş Tiryaki (30913_CR17) 2021; 10 S Sheikh (30913_CR38) 2022; 32 J Contreras-Grande (30913_CR21) 2021; 38 E Grifoni (30913_CR12) 2021; 72 F Sevilla-Castillo (30913_CR35) 2021; 2021 30913_CR40 30913_CR20 L Fu (30913_CR26) 2020; 80 TP Velavan (30913_CR25) 2020; 95 IJ Barbash (30913_CR2) 2021; 326 D Ji (30913_CR11) 2020; 71 KM Kim (30913_CR16) 2022; 17 30913_CR6 J Guo (30913_CR14) 2020; 148 30913_CR7 A Izcovich (30913_CR23) 2020; 15 30913_CR5 AKG Melo (30913_CR33) 2021; 16 30913_CR3 30913_CR1 R Al-Amer (30913_CR4) 2022; 13 P Malik (30913_CR24) 2021; 26 J Xie (30913_CR30) 2021; 10 GM Parra-Bracamonte (30913_CR34) 2020; 52 MM Khodeir (30913_CR32) 2021; 14 Z Wu (30913_CR8) 2020; 323  | 
    
| References_xml | – reference: WuZMcGooganJMCharacteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and preventionJAMA202032313123912421:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXnsFCqsrs%3D10.1001/jama.2020.264832091533 – reference: KimKMRapid prediction of in-hospital mortality among adults with COVID-19 diseasePLoS ONE202217744782921:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitVKlu7%2FP10.1371/journal.pone.0269813359050729337639 – reference: SuHMultilevel threshold image segmentation for COVID-19 chest radiography: A framework using horizontal and vertical multiverse optimizationComput. Biol. Med.20221461:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitVOmtbrE10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105618356904779113963 – reference: GuoJCURB-65 may serve as a useful prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients within Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort studyEpidemiol. Infect.20201481:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFarurfI10.1017/S095026882000236832998791 – reference: Castro, H.M., Prieto, M.A., & Muñoz, A.M. Prevalence of burnout in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors. A cross-sectional study. Medicina (B Aires)82(4), 479–486 (2022). – reference: Rahmah, L., et al. Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol. Rep. 1–24 (2022). – reference: ZhangLThe common risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysisArch. Virol.20211668207120871:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXotVCgtro%3D10.1007/s00705-021-05012-2337976218017903 – reference: IzcovichAPrognostic factors for severity and mortality in patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic reviewPLoS ONE202015111:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlyqsL3J10.1371/journal.pone.0241955332018967671522 – reference: Sevilla-CastilloFBoth chloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir are ineffective for COVID-19 treatment and combined worsen the pathology: A single-center experience with severely ill patientsBiomed. Res. Int.20212021882131810.1155/2021/8821318337327447871110 – reference: TiryakiŞDabeşlimHAksuYChest computed tomographic findings of patients with COVID-19-related pneumoniaActa Radiol. Open20211022058460121989309336141617874355 – reference: Durán-MéndezATocilizumab reduces COVID-19 mortality and pathology in a dose and timing-dependent fashion: A multi-centric studySci. Rep.2021111197282021NatSR..1119728D10.1038/s41598-021-99291-z346112518492686 – reference: Parra-BracamonteGMLopez-VillalobosNParra-BracamonteFEClinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of patients with COVID-19 in a large data set from MexicoAnn. Epidemiol.2020529398.e210.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.005327987017426229 – reference: Eduardo Nieto-Ortega, D.A.M.-F., & Peón, A. N. Calculadora de riesgo de progresión a hospitalización por COVID-19, enfermedad crítica y muerte. Estudio retrospectivo observacional. Soc. Esp Bene 3, 1–15 (2022). – reference: Molina, H., & Rodríguez, I. Al alza, saturación de hospitales por Covid-19. 2022 [cited 2022 08/08/2022]; Available from: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Al-alza-saturacion-de-hospitales-por-Covid-19-20220117-0137.html. – reference: JiDPrediction for progression risk in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: The CALL scoreClin. Infect. Dis.2020716139313991:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvFygt73L10.1093/cid/ciaa41432271369 – reference: GrifoniEThe CALL score for predicting outcomes in patients with COVID-19Clin. Infect. Dis.20217211821831:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXjslaqsbw%3D32474605 – reference: SheikhSAl-MandhariACOVID-19: Questionable seasonalityJ. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak.2022326827828 – reference: VelavanTPMeyerCGMild versus severe COVID-19: Laboratory markersInt. J. Infect. Dis.2020953043071:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXoslenu7k%3D10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.061323440117194601 – reference: XieJClinical characteristics, laboratory abnormalities and CT findings of COVID-19 patients and risk factors of severe disease: A systematic review and meta-analysisAnn. Palliat. Med.20211021928194910.21037/apm-20-186333548996 – reference: FuLClinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysisJ. Infect.20208066566651:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtVantLzE10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041322831557151416 – reference: Contreras-GrandeJChest computed tomography findings associated with severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica202138220621310.17843/rpmesp.2021.382.656234468566 – reference: JangJGPrognostic accuracy of the SIRS, qSOFA, and news for early detection of clinical deterioration in SARS-CoV-2 infected patientsJ. Kor. Med. Sci.202035251:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVShtrfM10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e234 – reference: MalikPBiomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ Evid. Based Med.202126310710810.1136/bmjebm-2020-11153632934000 – reference: Bertoni, V.B., et al. Resilience, Safety and Health: Reflections About Covid-19’ Assistance. In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021) (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021). – reference: Al-AmerRNurses experience of caring for patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological studyFront. Psychiatry20221310.3389/fpsyt.2022.922410359354109346630 – reference: ChuaPEYEpidemiological and clinical characteristics of non-severe and severe pediatric and adult COVID-19 patients across different geographical regions in the early phase of pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studiesJ. Investig. Med.20216971287129610.1136/jim-2021-001858341350688485127 – reference: CapolongoSCOVID-19 and Healthcare Facilities: A Decalogue of Design Strategies for Resilient HospitalsActa Biomed.2020919s50601:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXis1OjtLfM327019178023092 – reference: MrukBChest computed tomography (CT) severity scales in COVID-19 disease: A validation studyMed. Sci. Monit.2021271:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslKrs7fK10.12659/MSM.931283339478238108556 – reference: KermaliMThe role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19 - A systematic reviewLife Sci20202541:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtVSjs7fK10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117788324758107219356 – reference: Sánchez, J. Hospitales de Hidalgo comienzan a reportar saturación de camas por covid. 2021 [cited 2022 08/08/2022]; Available from: https://www.milenio.com/ciencia-y-salud/hidalgo-hospitales-comienzan-reportar-saturacion-camas-covid. – reference: Castagna, F. et al. Hospital bed occupancy rate is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 inpatient mortality: A pandemic epicentre cohort study. 12(2), e058171 (2022). – reference: LitmanovichDEReview of chest radiograph findings of COVID-19 pneumonia and suggested reporting languageJ. Thorac. Imaging202035635436032520846 – reference: KhodeirMMEarly prediction keys for COVID-19 cases progression: A meta-analysisJ. Infect. Public Health202114556156910.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.001338488857934660 – reference: QiADirectional mutation and crossover boosted ant colony optimization with application to COVID-19 X-ray image segmentationComput. Biol. Med.20221481:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvFGqtb3L10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105810358680499278012 – reference: FocosiDMaggiFCasadevallAMucosal vaccines, sterilizing immunity, and the future of SARS-CoV-2 virulenceViruses2022142110.3390/v14020187 – reference: Organization, W.H. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2022 05/08/2022 [cited 2022 02/08/2022]; Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. – reference: MeloAKGBiomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS ONE20211661:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsVyitrzK10.1371/journal.pone.0253894341858018241122 – reference: ParkSYNomogram: An analogue tool to deliver digital knowledgeJ. Thorac. Cardiovasc. 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| Snippet | Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics. Nonetheless,... Abstract Prognostic scales may help to optimize the use of hospital resources, which may be of prime interest in the context of a fast spreading pandemics....  | 
    
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| Title | A novel scale based on biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity can predict the need for hospitalization and intensive care, as well as enhanced probabilities for mortality | 
    
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