A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, c...

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Published inFrontiers in human neuroscience Vol. 13; p. 42
Main Authors Luo, Yuyang, Weibman, Dana, Halperin, Jeffrey M., Li, Xiaobo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 11.02.2019
Frontiers Media S.A
Subjects
ADHD
Adoption
Adults
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Brain research
Children & youth
Cognition
cognitive impairments
Comorbidity
Criminality
Dopamine
Etiology
functional MRI
Genes
heterogeneity
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Mental disorders
Neurobiology
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neuroscience
Parents & parenting
Psychiatry
Risk factors
structural MRI
Structure-function relationships
United States > US
New Jersey
ADHD
functional MRI
risk factors
structural MRI
neuroscience model
DTI
cognitive impairments
heterogeneity
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1662-5161
1662-5161
DOI10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042

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Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.
AbstractList Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.
Author Luo, Yuyang
Halperin, Jeffrey M.
Weibman, Dana
Li, Xiaobo
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, NJ , United States
3 Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, NJ , United States
2 Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York , Flushing, NY , United States
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, NJ , United States
– name: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, NJ , United States
– name: 2 Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York , Flushing, NY , United States
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yuyang
  surname: Luo
  fullname: Luo, Yuyang
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Dana
  surname: Weibman
  fullname: Weibman, Dana
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jeffrey M.
  surname: Halperin
  fullname: Halperin, Jeffrey M.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Xiaobo
  surname: Li
  fullname: Li, Xiaobo
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30804772$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords ADHD
functional MRI
risk factors
structural MRI
neuroscience model
DTI
cognitive impairments
heterogeneity
Language English
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Edited by: Juliana Yordanova, Institute of Neurobiology (BAS), Bulgaria
Reviewed by: Bin Xuan, Anhui Normal University, China; Jia Huang, Institute of Psychology (CAS), China
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Snippet Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%–12% of children worldwide. Throughout an...
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SubjectTerms ADHD
Adoption
Adults
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Brain research
Children & youth
Cognition
cognitive impairments
Comorbidity
Criminality
Dopamine
Etiology
functional MRI
Genes
heterogeneity
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Mental disorders
Neurobiology
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neuroscience
Parents & parenting
Psychiatry
Risk factors
structural MRI
Structure-function relationships
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Title A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/2186144279
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6378275
https://doaj.org/article/97fd2f3c2a184b6d8e3e84239cde250a
Volume 13
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