Calibration of the “Flock of Birds” electromagnetic tracking device and its application in shoulder motion studies

In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the “Flock of Birds” six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m 3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylustip appear...

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Published in	Journal of biomechanics Vol. 32; no. 6; pp. 629 - 633
Main Authors	Meskers, C.G.M., Fraterman, H., van der Helm, F.C.T., Vermeulen, H.M., Rozing, P.M.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	United States Elsevier Ltd 01.06.1999
Subjects	Algorithms Biomechanical Phenomena Bone Calibration Degrees of freedom (mechanics) Electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic Phenomena - instrumentation Electromagnetic tracking device Humans Humerus - anatomy & histology Kinematics Measurement errors Movement - physiology Range of Motion, Articular - physiology Scapula - anatomy & histology Shoulder Shoulder - anatomy & histology Shoulder - physiology Shoulder Joint - anatomy & histology Shoulder Joint - physiology Thorax - anatomy & histology Calibration Electromagnetic tracking device Shoulder Kinematics
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0021-9290 1873-2380
DOI	10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00011-1

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Abstract	In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the “Flock of Birds” six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m 3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylustip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z- coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closests to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2°. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the “Flock of Birds” is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies.
AbstractList	In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the “Flock of Birds” six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m 3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylustip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z- coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closests to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2°. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the “Flock of Birds” is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies. In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the 'Flock of Birds' six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylustip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x- , y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closests to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degrees. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the 'Flock of Birds' is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies. In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the "Flock of Birds" six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylus tip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closest to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degrees. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the "Flock of Birds" is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies. In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the `Flock of Birds' six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m super(3) were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylustip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closests to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degree . This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the `Flock of Birds' is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies. In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the "Flock of Birds" six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylus tip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closest to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degrees. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the "Flock of Birds" is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies.In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the "Flock of Birds" six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is investigated. Position measurements in a workspace of approximately 1 m3 were performed using a stylus. The andom error at the stylus tip appeared to be 1.86, 1.98 and 2.54 mm for x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. The error caused by distortion of the magnetic field by metal in the concrete of especially the floor was 20.8, 22.2 and 20.4 mm for the x-, y- and z-coordinate, respectively. Calibration and leaving out the measurements closest to the floor lowered this error to 2.07, 2.38 and 2.35 mm. Orientation errors of the shoulder bones evolving from the measurement inaccuracy were estimated from repeated measurements of shoulder bony landmarks of ten subjects by means of the stylus. These errors were generally below 2 degrees. This is lower than found for the same measurements using a spatial linkage digitizer. It is concluded that the "Flock of Birds" is a useful tool for shoulder kinematic studies.
Author	Rozing, P.M. van der Helm, F.C.T. Meskers, C.G.M. Fraterman, H. Vermeulen, H.M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: C.G.M. surname: Meskers fullname: Meskers, C.G.M. email: meskers@orthopaedicsurgery.medfac.leidenuniv.nl organization: Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center B0-57, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: H. surname: Fraterman fullname: Fraterman, H. organization: Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center B0-57, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: F.C.T. surname: van der Helm fullname: van der Helm, F.C.T. organization: Man Machine Systems and Control Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: H.M. surname: Vermeulen fullname: Vermeulen, H.M. organization: Department of Physical Therapy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center B0-57, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands – sequence: 5 givenname: P.M. surname: Rozing fullname: Rozing, P.M. organization: Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center B0-57, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Cites_doi	10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00101-2 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90225-4 10.3109/03091909109015443 10.1016/0021-9290(96)83335-5 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90190-X 10.1016/0268-0033(93)90037-I 10.1016/S0268-0033(98)00095-3 10.1115/1.2792267
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Snippet	In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the “Flock of Birds” six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is... In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the "Flock of Birds" six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is... In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the `Flock of Birds' six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is... In this paper the applicability in terms of measurement accuracy of the 'Flock of Birds' six D.O.F. electromagnetic tracking device in shoulder research is...
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms Biomechanical Phenomena Bone Calibration Degrees of freedom (mechanics) Electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic Phenomena - instrumentation Electromagnetic tracking device Humans Humerus - anatomy & histology Kinematics Measurement errors Movement - physiology Range of Motion, Articular - physiology Scapula - anatomy & histology Shoulder Shoulder - anatomy & histology Shoulder - physiology Shoulder Joint - anatomy & histology Shoulder Joint - physiology Thorax - anatomy & histology
Title	Calibration of the “Flock of Birds” electromagnetic tracking device and its application in shoulder motion studies
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