Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load
The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only thre...
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| Published in | Journal of applied physiology (1985) Vol. 123; no. 5; pp. 1288 - 1302 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Physiological Society
01.11.2017
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 8750-7587 1522-1601 1522-1601 |
| DOI | 10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017 |
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| Abstract | The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O
2
·kg
-body
−1
·min
−1
, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (V̇o
2-walk
= V̇o
2-gross
– V̇o
2-supine-rest
) of the body’s gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (V̇o
2-gross
, ml O
2
·kg
-body + load
−1
·min
−1
) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined ( n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved ( r
2
= 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O
2
·kg
−1
·min
−1
) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions.
NEW & NOTEWORTHY Introduced is a “minimum mechanics” model that predicts human walking economy across a broad range of conditions from only three variables: speed, surface grade, and body-plus-load mass. The derivation/validation data set includes steady-state loaded and unloaded walking trials ( n = 3,414) that span a fourfold range of walking speeds on each of six different surface gradients (−6 to +9°). The accuracy of our minimum mechanics model ( r
2
= 0.99; SEE = 1.06 ml O
2
·kg
−1
·min
−1
) appreciably exceeds that of currently used standards. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O
·kg
·min
, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (V̇o
= V̇o
- V̇o
) of the body's gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (V̇o
, ml O
·kg
·min
) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined (
= 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved (
= 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O
·kg
·min
) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions.
Introduced is a "minimum mechanics" model that predicts human walking economy across a broad range of conditions from only three variables: speed, surface grade, and body-plus-load mass. The derivation/validation data set includes steady-state loaded and unloaded walking trials (
= 3,414) that span a fourfold range of walking speeds on each of six different surface gradients (-6 to +9°). The accuracy of our minimum mechanics model (
= 0.99; SEE = 1.06 ml O
·kg
·min
) appreciably exceeds that of currently used standards. The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O 2 ·kg -body −1 ·min −1 , respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (V̇o 2-walk = V̇o 2-gross – V̇o 2-supine-rest ) of the body’s gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (V̇o 2-gross , ml O 2 ·kg -body + load −1 ·min −1 ) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined ( n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved ( r 2 = 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 ) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Introduced is a “minimum mechanics” model that predicts human walking economy across a broad range of conditions from only three variables: speed, surface grade, and body-plus-load mass. The derivation/validation data set includes steady-state loaded and unloaded walking trials ( n = 3,414) that span a fourfold range of walking speeds on each of six different surface gradients (−6 to +9°). The accuracy of our minimum mechanics model ( r 2 = 0.99; SEE = 1.06 ml O 2 ·kg −1 ·min −1 ) appreciably exceeds that of currently used standards. The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, and 9 degrees. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1+/-0.1 to 43.3+/-0.5 ml O2·kg-body-1·min-1, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (VO2-walk = VO2-gross - VO2-supine-rest) of the body's gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (VO2-gross, ml O2·kg-body + load-1·min-1) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined (n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved (r2=0.99, SEE=1.06 ml O2·kg-1·min-1) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions. The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O2·kg-body-1·min-1, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (V̇o2-walk = V̇o2-gross - V̇o2-supine-rest) of the body's gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (V̇o2-gross, ml O2·kg-body + load-1·min-1) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined (n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved (r2 = 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O2·kg-1·min-1) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Introduced is a "minimum mechanics" model that predicts human walking economy across a broad range of conditions from only three variables: speed, surface grade, and body-plus-load mass. The derivation/validation data set includes steady-state loaded and unloaded walking trials (n = 3,414) that span a fourfold range of walking speeds on each of six different surface gradients (-6 to +9°). The accuracy of our minimum mechanics model (r2 = 0.99; SEE = 1.06 ml O2·kg-1·min-1) appreciably exceeds that of currently used standards.The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O2·kg-body-1·min-1, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (V̇o2-walk = V̇o2-gross - V̇o2-supine-rest) of the body's gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (V̇o2-gross, ml O2·kg-body + load-1·min-1) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined (n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved (r2 = 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O2·kg-1·min-1) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Introduced is a "minimum mechanics" model that predicts human walking economy across a broad range of conditions from only three variables: speed, surface grade, and body-plus-load mass. The derivation/validation data set includes steady-state loaded and unloaded walking trials (n = 3,414) that span a fourfold range of walking speeds on each of six different surface gradients (-6 to +9°). The accuracy of our minimum mechanics model (r2 = 0.99; SEE = 1.06 ml O2·kg-1·min-1) appreciably exceeds that of currently used standards. The metabolic energy that human walking requires can vary by more than 10-fold, depending on the speed, surface gradient, and load carried. Although the mechanical factors determining economy are generally considered to be numerous and complex, we tested a minimum mechanics hypothesis that only three variables are needed for broad, accurate prediction: speed, surface grade, and total gravitational load. We first measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake in 20 healthy adult subjects during unloaded treadmill trials from 0.4 to 1.6 m/s on six gradients: -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, and 9°. Next, we tested a second set of 20 subjects under three torso-loading conditions (no-load, +18, and +31% body weight) at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m/s on the same six gradients. Metabolic rates spanned a 14-fold range from supine rest to the greatest single-trial walking mean (3.1 ± 0.1 to 43.3 ± 0.5 ml O2.kg-body-1.min-1, respectively). As theorized, the walking portion (Vo2-walk = Vo2-gross - Vo2-supine-rest) of the body's gross metabolic rate increased in direct proportion to load and largely in accordance with support force requirements across both speed and grade. Consequently, a single minimum-mechanics equation was derived from the data of 10 unloaded-condition subjects to predict the pooled mass-specific economy (Vo2-gross, ml O2.kg-body + load-.min-1) of all the remaining loaded and unloaded trials combined (n = 1,412 trials from 90 speed/grade/load conditions). The accuracy of prediction achieved (r2 = 0.99, SEE = 1.06 ml O2.kg-1.min-1) leads us to conclude that human walking economy is predictably determined by the minimum mechanical requirements present across a broad range of conditions. |
| Author | Ludlow, Lindsay W. Weyand, Peter G. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lindsay W. surname: Ludlow fullname: Ludlow, Lindsay W. organization: Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas – sequence: 2 givenname: Peter G. surname: Weyand fullname: Weyand, Peter G. organization: Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28729390$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | generalized equation load carriage metabolism wearable sensors locomotion algorithm |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology Body weight Economics Energy metabolism Exercise Test - methods Exercise Test - standards Female Forecasting Gravitation Gravity Human mechanics Humans Load distribution Male Mechanical properties Mechanics (physics) Metabolic rate Oxygen uptake Quality Torso Vanadium oxides Velocity Walking Walking - physiology Walking - standards Walking Speed - physiology Weight-Bearing - physiology |
| Title | Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load |
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