Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAIs) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Behavioural and Physiological Indices of Stress in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus) during Riding Sessions
Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs...
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| Published in | Animals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 6; p. 1562 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Basel
MDPI AG
27.05.2021
MDPI |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2076-2615 2076-2615 |
| DOI | 10.3390/ani11061562 |
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| Abstract | Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children’s behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse’s needs. |
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| AbstractList | Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children’s behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse’s needs. Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children's behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse's needs.Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children's behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse's needs. Simple SummaryEquine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are gaining increasing attention as complementary practices in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as they can provide physical and psychological enrichment to children. However, ASD children could manifest inappropriate behaviours, potentially affecting the welfare of horses. This multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to sessions involving typically developing (TD) children. It followed a controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children. We compared behavioural and physiological responses of horses between sessions and among session phases. Results indicate a lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, the horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children’s behaviour. Results from this study indicate that professionals should increase their awareness of horse’s welfare and refine methodologies used in EAIs.AbstractEquine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children’s behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse’s needs. |
| Author | Luzi, Fabio Collacchi, Barbara De Santis, Marta Valle, Emanuela Tuozzi, Adele Vercelli, Cristina Redaelli, Veronica Stefani, Annalisa Borgi, Marta Toson, Marica Cirulli, Francesca Contalbrigo, Laura Odore, Rosangela |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; mdesantis@izsvenezie.it (M.D.S.); mtoson@izsvenezie.it (M.T.); astefani@izsvenezie.it (A.S.) 2 Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; marta.borgi@iss.it (M.B.); barbara.collacchi@iss.it (B.C.); adele.tuozzi@gmail.com (A.T.); francesca.cirulli@iss.it (F.C.) 3 Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; veronica.redaelli@unimi.it (V.R.); fabio.luzi@unimi.it (F.L.) 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; rosangela.odore@unito.it (R.O.); cristina.vercelli@unito.it (C.V.); emanuela.valle@unito.it (E.V.) |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale Dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; mdesantis@izsvenezie.it (M.D.S.); mtoson@izsvenezie.it (M.T.); astefani@izsvenezie.it (A.S.) – name: 3 Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, Via Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano, Italy; veronica.redaelli@unimi.it (V.R.); fabio.luzi@unimi.it (F.L.) – name: 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; rosangela.odore@unito.it (R.O.); cristina.vercelli@unito.it (C.V.); emanuela.valle@unito.it (E.V.) – name: 2 Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; marta.borgi@iss.it (M.B.); barbara.collacchi@iss.it (B.C.); adele.tuozzi@gmail.com (A.T.); francesca.cirulli@iss.it (F.C.) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Laura orcidid: 0000-0003-2221-9970 surname: Contalbrigo fullname: Contalbrigo, Laura – sequence: 2 givenname: Marta orcidid: 0000-0001-7496-6383 surname: Borgi fullname: Borgi, Marta – sequence: 3 givenname: Marta orcidid: 0000-0002-0630-6153 surname: De Santis fullname: De Santis, Marta – sequence: 4 givenname: Barbara orcidid: 0000-0001-6330-6283 surname: Collacchi fullname: Collacchi, Barbara – sequence: 5 givenname: Adele surname: Tuozzi fullname: Tuozzi, Adele – sequence: 6 givenname: Marica surname: Toson fullname: Toson, Marica – sequence: 7 givenname: Veronica orcidid: 0000-0001-6884-112X surname: Redaelli fullname: Redaelli, Veronica – sequence: 8 givenname: Rosangela surname: Odore fullname: Odore, Rosangela – sequence: 9 givenname: Cristina orcidid: 0000-0001-7766-4647 surname: Vercelli fullname: Vercelli, Cristina – sequence: 10 givenname: Annalisa orcidid: 0000-0002-8071-0285 surname: Stefani fullname: Stefani, Annalisa – sequence: 11 givenname: Fabio surname: Luzi fullname: Luzi, Fabio – sequence: 12 givenname: Emanuela orcidid: 0000-0002-5519-3554 surname: Valle fullname: Valle, Emanuela – sequence: 13 givenname: Francesca orcidid: 0000-0001-9440-1873 surname: Cirulli fullname: Cirulli, Francesca |
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| Snippet | Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are... Simple SummaryEquine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are gaining increasing attention as complementary practices in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as they can... |
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| SubjectTerms | animal welfare Animals Anticoagulants autism Autistic children behaviour blood Catecholamines cognition corticotropin cortisol Dopamine equine-assisted interventions Exercise eyes Heart rate Hormones horse Horses infrared thermography physical activity Physiology Plasma Rehabilitation temperature |
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| Title | Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAIs) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Behavioural and Physiological Indices of Stress in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus) during Riding Sessions |
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