Olfactory Facilitation of Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving
Objective This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving. Background Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers...
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| Published in | Human factors Vol. 63; no. 4; pp. 553 - 564 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Los Angeles, CA
SAGE Publications
01.06.2021
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0018-7208 1547-8181 1547-8181 |
| DOI | 10.1177/0018720819893137 |
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| Abstract | Objective
This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving.
Background
Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests.
Methods
Sixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air).
Results
The presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions.
Conclusion
Peppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers’ takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover.
Application
The results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human–machine interfaces, shorten the driver’s reaction time, and improve takeover quality. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Objective
This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving.
Background
Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests.
Methods
Sixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air).
Results
The presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions.
Conclusion
Peppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers’ takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover.
Application
The results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human–machine interfaces, shorten the driver’s reaction time, and improve takeover quality. This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving. Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests. Sixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air). The presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions. Peppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers' takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover. The results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human-machine interfaces, shorten the driver's reaction time, and improve takeover quality. Objective This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving. Background Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests. Methods Sixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air). Results The presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions. Conclusion Peppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers’ takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover. Application The results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human–machine interfaces, shorten the driver’s reaction time, and improve takeover quality. This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving.OBJECTIVEThis study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving.Takeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests.BACKGROUNDTakeover requests are important for the safety of automated vehicles. The reaction time and subsequent performance of drivers in the takeover process are crucial for safety. In this study, peppermint was adopted as an auxiliary modality to the tactile and auditory design of takeover requests.Sixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air).METHODSSixty participants took part in the experiment, which required participants to avoid a stalled vehicle after they were awoken from a state of light sleep by a takeover request. Takeover modality (tactile, auditory, and combined) was the within-subjects factor. In the between-subjects design, half of the participants received a peppermint odor stimulation when the takeover request occurred, and the other half received a placebo (air).The presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions.RESULTSThe presence of peppermint odor did not influence the reaction time, but participants did show signs of being more alert afterwards. For the moment of takeover, use of the auditory modality had a significant positive effect on reaction time compared to the tactile conditions.Peppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers' takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover.CONCLUSIONPeppermint odor had a positive impact on drivers' takeover quality when engaged in nondriving-related activities such as light sleep, and the takeover request modalities were shown to be crucial for a safe and successful takeover.The results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human-machine interfaces, shorten the driver's reaction time, and improve takeover quality.APPLICATIONThe results will be useful as a reference for developers of automated driving systems to design human-machine interfaces, shorten the driver's reaction time, and improve takeover quality. |
| Author | Zhang, Zijian Guo, Gang Tang, Qiuyang Wu, Yingzhang Zhang, Bingbing |
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This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated... This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated driving.... Objective This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated... This study aims to quantify the impact of olfactory stimulation and takeover modality on the performance of takeovers in conditionally automated... |
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| SubjectTerms | Accidents, Traffic Automation Automobile Driving Between-subjects design Design Hearing Humans Interfaces Odor Odors Peppermint Placebos Reaction time Reaction Time - physiology Safety Sensory stimulation Sleep Touch Vegetables Wakefulness |
| Title | Olfactory Facilitation of Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving |
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