The relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics and individual mental disorders in five cities in Latin America: multilevel models from the World Mental Health Surveys

Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts...

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Published inSocial Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol. 54; no. 2; pp. 157 - 170
Main Authors Sampson, Laura, Martins, Silvia S., Yu, Shui, Chiavegatto Filho, Alexandre Dias Porto, Andrade, Laura Helena, Viana, Maria Carmen, Medina-Mora, Maria Elena, Benjet, Corina, Torres, Yolanda, Piazza, Marina, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Cia, Alfredo H., Stagnaro, Juan Carlos, Zaslavsky, Alan M., Kessler, Ronald C., Galea, Sandro
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.02.2019
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Adult
Adults
Argentina - epidemiology
Brazil - epidemiology
Cities - epidemiology
Colombia - epidemiology
Communities
Cross-Sectional Studies
Education
Educational Status
Employment
Epidemiology
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Latin America - epidemiology
Male
Medical research
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Medicine, Experimental
Mental disorders
Mental Disorders - epidemiology
Mental Disorders - psychology
Mental health
Mental illness
Mentally ill
Mexico - epidemiology
Middle Aged
Migration
Multilevel Analysis
Neighborhoods
Original Paper
Peru - epidemiology
Poverty - psychology
Psychiatry
Residence Characteristics - statistics & numerical data
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys
Transients and Migrants - psychology
Unemployment
Unemployment - psychology
Urban areas
Urban Population - statistics & numerical data
Urbanization
Colombia
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Cities
Peru
Latin America
Neighborhood effects
Externalizing disorders
Urban health
Internalizing disorders
Latin America
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0933-7954
1433-9285
1433-9285
DOI10.1007/s00127-018-1595-x

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Abstract Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents’ health. Methods Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used. Results Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62–0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37–0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14–1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Conclusions The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
AbstractList Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents' health.PURPOSEOur understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents' health.Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used.METHODSCross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used.Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile).RESULTSLiving in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile).The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.CONCLUSIONSThe associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents' health. Methods Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used. Results Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Conclusions The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
PurposeOur understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents’ health.MethodsCross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used.ResultsLiving in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62–0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37–0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14–1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile).ConclusionsThe associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents' health. Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used. Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents' health. Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used. Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the proportion of migrant, unemployed, and poorly educated residents in neighborhoods of these urban areas may characterize group contexts and shape residents’ health. Methods Cross-sectional household interviews of 7251 adults were completed across 83 neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Medellín, Colombia; São Paulo, Brazil; Lima, Peru; and Mexico City, Mexico as part of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Past-year internalizing and externalizing mental disorders were assessed, and multilevel models were used. Results Living in neighborhoods with either an above-average or below-average proportion of migrants and highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of any internalizing disorder (for proportion migrants: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62–0.91 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67–0.94 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile; for proportion highly educated: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90 for the bottom tertile and OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37–0.90 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Living in neighborhoods with an above-average proportion of unemployed individuals was associated with higher odds of having any internalizing disorder (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14–1.95 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). The proportion of highly educated residents was associated with lower odds of externalizing disorder (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.93 for the top tertile compared to the middle tertile). Conclusions The associations of neighborhood-level migration, unemployment, and education with individual-level odds of mental disorders highlight the importance of community context for understanding the burden of mental disorders among residents of rapidly urbanizing global settings.
Audience Academic
Author Andrade, Laura Helena
Cia, Alfredo H.
Kessler, Ronald C.
Chiavegatto Filho, Alexandre Dias Porto
Sampson, Laura
Torres, Yolanda
Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio
Zaslavsky, Alan M.
Galea, Sandro
Stagnaro, Juan Carlos
Viana, Maria Carmen
Yu, Shui
Benjet, Corina
Medina-Mora, Maria Elena
Martins, Silvia S.
Piazza, Marina
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  organization: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
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  organization: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
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COPYRIGHT 2019 Springer
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.
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Issue 2
Keywords Neighborhood effects
Externalizing disorders
Urban health
Internalizing disorders
Latin America
Language English
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  day: 01
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PublicationSubtitle The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services
PublicationTitle Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
PublicationTitleAbbrev Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
PublicationTitleAlternate Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
PublicationYear 2019
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VlahovDGaleaSUrbanization, urbanicity, and healthJ Urban Health200279S1S1210.1093/jurban/79.suppl_1.S1345661512473694
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PalloniAEwbankDCAndersonNBBulataoRACohenBSelection process in the study of racial and ethnic differentials in adult health and mortalityCritical perspectives on racial and ethnic differences in health in late life2004Washington, DCNational Academies Press177226
SoaresRRNaritomiJDi TellaREdwardsSSchargrodskyEUnderstanding high crime rates in Latin America: the role of social and policy factorsThe economics of crime: lessons for and from Latin America. National Bureau of Economic Research2010ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press195510.7208/chicago/9780226153766.003.0002
VianaMCTeixeiraMGBeraldiFSão Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey—a population-based epidemiological study of psychiatric morbidity in the São Paulo metropolitan area: aims, design and field implementationRev Bras Psiquiatr20093137538610.1590/S1516-4446200900040001620098829
ArayaRRojasGFritschRCommon mental disorders in Santiago, ChileBr J Psychiatry200117822823310.1192/bjp.178.3.2281:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jsF2nsw%3D%3D11230033
LucianoMDe RosaCVecchioVDelPerceived insecurity, mental health and urbanization: results from a multicentric studyInt J Soc Psychiatry20166225226110.1177/00207640166296941:STN:280:DC%2BC28jis1Sjug%3D%3D26896027
HarphamTGrantERodriguezCMental health and social capital in Cali, ColombiaSoc Sci Med2004582267227710.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.01315047083
DohrenwendBPLevavIShroutPESocioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation-selection issueScience199225594695210.1126/science.15462911:STN:280:DyaK387ovVWmtA%3D%3D1546291
HarknessJPennellBEVillarAKesslerRCÜstünTBTranslation procedures and translation assessment in the World Mental Health Survey InitiativeThe WHO World Mental Health Surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders2008New YorkCambridge University Press91113
KruegerRFMcGueMIaconoWGThe higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: internalization, externalization, and their connections to personalityPers Individ Differ2001301245125910.1016/S0191-8869(00)00106-9
KawachiIBerkmanLFSocial ties and mental healthJ Urban Health20017845846710.1093/jurban/78.3.45834559101:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrhsl2quw%3D%3D11564849
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PeenJSchoeversRABeekmanATDekkerJThe current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disordersActa Psychiatr Scand2010121849310.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c%2FhtlKktQ%3D%3D19624573
KohnRLevavIde AlmeidaJMCMental disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: a public health priorityPan Am J Public Health20051822924010.1590/S1020-49892005000900002
SilveiraCMSiuERAnthonyJCDrinking patterns and alcohol use disorders in São Paulo, Brazil: the role of neighborhood social deprivation and socioeconomic statusPLoS One20149e10835510.1371/journal.pone.010835541827101:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhslCmsr%2FP25272008
Sánchez MojicaBEA city torn apart: forced displacement in Medellin, ColombiaInt Law Rev Colomb Derecho Int201322179210
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities2012Nairobi, KenyaUN-Habitat
HongSZhangWWaltonENeighborhoods and mental health: Exploring ethnic density, poverty, and social cohesion among Asian Americans and LatinosSoc Sci Med201411111712410.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.014406834524769491
ZhangWChenQMcCubbinHPredictors of mental and physical health: individual and neighborhood levels of education, social well-being, and ethnicityHealth Place20111723824710.1016/j.healthplace.2010.10.00821075036
KesslerRCUstünTBThe World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)Int J Methods Psychiatr Res2004139312110.1002/mpr.16815297906
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HeeringaSGWellsEJHubbardFKesslerRCÜstünTBSample designs and sampling proceduresThe WHO World Mental Health Surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders2008New YorkCambridge University Press1432
American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR2000Washington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Association
PaykelESLife events, Social support and depressionActa Psychiatr Scand199489505810.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05803.x
VlahovDGaleaSGibbleEFreudenbergNPerspectives on urban conditions and population healthCad Saude Publica20052194995710.1590/S0102-311X200500030003115868055
Chiavegatto FilhoADPSampsonLMartinsSSNeighbourhood characteristics and mental disorders in three Chinese cities: multilevel models from the World Mental Health SurveysBMJ Open20177e01767910.1136/bmjopen-2017-017679565251329025841
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RamosLBrittoMThe functioning of the Brazilian metropolitan labor market in the period 1991–2002: trends, stylized facts and structural changes2004Rio de JaneiroInstituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada
PaykelEAbbottRJenkinsRUrban-rural mental health differences in Great Britain: findings from the National Morbidity SurveyInt Rev Psychiatry2003159710710.1080/09540260210000460011:STN:280:DC%2BD2c3hslyhsw%3D%3D12745316
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References_xml – reference: SilverEMulveyEPSwansonJWNeighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisitedSoc Sci Med2002551457147010.1016/S0277-9536(01)00266-012231022
– reference: PiazzaMFiestasFAnnual prevalence of mental disorders and use of mental health services in Peru: results of the World Mental Health Survey, 2005Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica201431303824718524
– reference: PalloniAEwbankDCAndersonNBBulataoRACohenBSelection process in the study of racial and ethnic differentials in adult health and mortalityCritical perspectives on racial and ethnic differences in health in late life2004Washington, DCNational Academies Press177226
– reference: KruegerRFMcGueMIaconoWGThe higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: internalization, externalization, and their connections to personalityPers Individ Differ2001301245125910.1016/S0191-8869(00)00106-9
– reference: VianaMCTeixeiraMGBeraldiFSão Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey—a population-based epidemiological study of psychiatric morbidity in the São Paulo metropolitan area: aims, design and field implementationRev Bras Psiquiatr20093137538610.1590/S1516-4446200900040001620098829
– reference: KawachiIBerkmanLFSocial ties and mental healthJ Urban Health20017845846710.1093/jurban/78.3.45834559101:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrhsl2quw%3D%3D11564849
– reference: AndradeLHWangY-PAndreoniSMental disorders in megacities: findings from the São Paulo megacity mental health survey, BrazilPLoS One20127e3187910.1371/journal.pone.003187932794221:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XivFalu70%3D22348135
– reference: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities2012Nairobi, KenyaUN-Habitat
– reference: VlahovDGaleaSGibbleEFreudenbergNPerspectives on urban conditions and population healthCad Saude Publica20052194995710.1590/S0102-311X200500030003115868055
– reference: PaykelEAbbottRJenkinsRUrban-rural mental health differences in Great Britain: findings from the National Morbidity SurveyInt Rev Psychiatry2003159710710.1080/09540260210000460011:STN:280:DC%2BD2c3hslyhsw%3D%3D12745316
– reference: KohnRLevavIde AlmeidaJMCMental disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: a public health priorityPan Am J Public Health20051822924010.1590/S1020-49892005000900002
– reference: Ruiz-GrossoPBernabe-OrtizADiez-CansecoFDepressive mood among within-country migrants in Periurban Shantytowns of Lima, PeruJ Immigr Minor Heal2015171635164210.1007/s10903-014-0121-9
– reference: SoaresRRNaritomiJDi TellaREdwardsSSchargrodskyEUnderstanding high crime rates in Latin America: the role of social and policy factorsThe economics of crime: lessons for and from Latin America. National Bureau of Economic Research2010ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press195510.7208/chicago/9780226153766.003.0002
– reference: Pan American Health Organization WHOWHO-AIMS: report on mental health systems in Latin America and the Caribbean2013Washington, DCPan American Health Organization
– reference: RamosLBrittoMThe functioning of the Brazilian metropolitan labor market in the period 1991–2002: trends, stylized facts and structural changes2004Rio de JaneiroInstituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada
– reference: Chiavegatto FilhoADPSampsonLMartinsSSNeighbourhood characteristics and mental disorders in three Chinese cities: multilevel models from the World Mental Health SurveysBMJ Open20177e01767910.1136/bmjopen-2017-017679565251329025841
– reference: SilveiraCMSiuERAnthonyJCDrinking patterns and alcohol use disorders in São Paulo, Brazil: the role of neighborhood social deprivation and socioeconomic statusPLoS One20149e10835510.1371/journal.pone.010835541827101:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhslCmsr%2FP25272008
– reference: (2014) United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 revision, highlights. https://www.compassion.com/multimedia/world-urbanization-prospects.pdf
– reference: PeenJSchoeversRABeekmanATDekkerJThe current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disordersActa Psychiatr Scand2010121849310.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c%2FhtlKktQ%3D%3D19624573
– reference: EmersonSDMinhAGuhnMEthnic density of regions and psychiatric disorders among ethnic minority individualsInt J Soc Psychiatry20186413014410.1177/002076401774790929251060
– reference: ZhangWChenQMcCubbinHPredictors of mental and physical health: individual and neighborhood levels of education, social well-being, and ethnicityHealth Place20111723824710.1016/j.healthplace.2010.10.00821075036
– reference: HongSZhangWWaltonENeighborhoods and mental health: Exploring ethnic density, poverty, and social cohesion among Asian Americans and LatinosSoc Sci Med201411111712410.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.014406834524769491
– reference: BécaresLNazrooJStaffordMThe buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and healthHealth Place20091570070810.1016/j.healthplace.2008.10.008
– reference: American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR2000Washington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Association
– reference: HeeringaSGWellsEJHubbardFKesslerRCÜstünTBSample designs and sampling proceduresThe WHO World Mental Health Surveys: global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders2008New YorkCambridge University Press1432
– reference: LucianoMDe RosaCVecchioVDelPerceived insecurity, mental health and urbanization: results from a multicentric studyInt J Soc Psychiatry20166225226110.1177/00207640166296941:STN:280:DC%2BC28jis1Sjug%3D%3D26896027
– reference: ArayaRRojasGFritschRCommon mental disorders in Santiago, ChileBr J Psychiatry200117822823310.1192/bjp.178.3.2281:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jsF2nsw%3D%3D11230033
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Snippet Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In...
Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular, the...
Purpose Our understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In...
PurposeOur understanding of community-level predictors of individual mental disorders in large urban areas of lower income countries is limited. In particular,...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Adults
Argentina - epidemiology
Brazil - epidemiology
Cities - epidemiology
Colombia - epidemiology
Communities
Cross-Sectional Studies
Education
Educational Status
Employment
Epidemiology
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Latin America - epidemiology
Male
Medical research
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Medicine, Experimental
Mental disorders
Mental Disorders - epidemiology
Mental Disorders - psychology
Mental health
Mental illness
Mentally ill
Mexico - epidemiology
Middle Aged
Migration
Multilevel Analysis
Neighborhoods
Original Paper
Peru - epidemiology
Poverty - psychology
Psychiatry
Residence Characteristics - statistics & numerical data
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys
Transients and Migrants - psychology
Unemployment
Unemployment - psychology
Urban areas
Urban Population - statistics & numerical data
Urbanization
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Title The relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics and individual mental disorders in five cities in Latin America: multilevel models from the World Mental Health Surveys
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