From Lignocellulosic Residues to Protein Sources: Insights into Biomass Pre-Treatments and Conversion
With the global population steadily rising, the demand for sustainable protein sources has become increasingly urgent. Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged...
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| Published in | Polymers Vol. 17; no. 16; p. 2251 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
20.08.2025
MDPI |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2073-4360 2073-4360 |
| DOI | 10.3390/polym17162251 |
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| Abstract | With the global population steadily rising, the demand for sustainable protein sources has become increasingly urgent. Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged as a promising alternative. Derived from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, single-cell protein offers a high nutritional profile- including all essential amino acids and vitamins—while enabling rapid production, minimal land and water requirements, and no generation of greenhouse gas emissions. A particularly compelling advantage of single-cell protein is its ability to be produced from agro-industrial waste, converting low-cost residues into valuable nutritional resources and contributing to environmental sustainability. Among these waste streams, lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and forestry residues stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and abundant feedstock. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for single-cell protein production, emphasizing both its environmental advantages and nutritional value. It highlights the single-cell protein role as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional protein sources. The review also identifies key scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, and recognizes the importance of targeted investments, particularly in policy development, public awareness, and technological innovation, to enable the broader adoption and acceptance of single-cell protein -based products. |
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| AbstractList | With the global population steadily rising, the demand for sustainable protein sources has become increasingly urgent. Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged as a promising alternative. Derived from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, single-cell protein offers a high nutritional profile- including all essential amino acids and vitamins—while enabling rapid production, minimal land and water requirements, and no generation of greenhouse gas emissions. A particularly compelling advantage of single-cell protein is its ability to be produced from agro-industrial waste, converting low-cost residues into valuable nutritional resources and contributing to environmental sustainability. Among these waste streams, lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and forestry residues stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and abundant feedstock. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for single-cell protein production, emphasizing both its environmental advantages and nutritional value. It highlights the single-cell protein role as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional protein sources. The review also identifies key scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, and recognizes the importance of targeted investments, particularly in policy development, public awareness, and technological innovation, to enable the broader adoption and acceptance of single-cell protein -based products. With the global population steadily rising, the demand for sustainable protein sources has become increasingly urgent. Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged as a promising alternative. Derived from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, single-cell protein offers a high nutritional profile- including all essential amino acids and vitamins-while enabling rapid production, minimal land and water requirements, and no generation of greenhouse gas emissions. A particularly compelling advantage of single-cell protein is its ability to be produced from agro-industrial waste, converting low-cost residues into valuable nutritional resources and contributing to environmental sustainability. Among these waste streams, lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and forestry residues stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and abundant feedstock. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for single-cell protein production, emphasizing both its environmental advantages and nutritional value. It highlights the single-cell protein role as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional protein sources. The review also identifies key scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, and recognizes the importance of targeted investments, particularly in policy development, public awareness, and technological innovation, to enable the broader adoption and acceptance of single-cell protein -based products.With the global population steadily rising, the demand for sustainable protein sources has become increasingly urgent. Traditional animal- and plant-based proteins face challenges related to scalability, resource efficiency, and environmental impact. In this context, single-cell protein has emerged as a promising alternative. Derived from microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast, single-cell protein offers a high nutritional profile- including all essential amino acids and vitamins-while enabling rapid production, minimal land and water requirements, and no generation of greenhouse gas emissions. A particularly compelling advantage of single-cell protein is its ability to be produced from agro-industrial waste, converting low-cost residues into valuable nutritional resources and contributing to environmental sustainability. Among these waste streams, lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and forestry residues stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and abundant feedstock. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for single-cell protein production, emphasizing both its environmental advantages and nutritional value. It highlights the single-cell protein role as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional protein sources. The review also identifies key scientific, economic, and regulatory challenges, and recognizes the importance of targeted investments, particularly in policy development, public awareness, and technological innovation, to enable the broader adoption and acceptance of single-cell protein -based products. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Medronho, Bruno dos Anjos, Isabela Vera Romano, Anabela Duarte, Hugo Proença, Diogo Neves Duarte, Maria F. Gonçalves, Sandra Barros, Raul Raposo, Sara Coelho, Natacha |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; ivanjos@ualg.pt (I.V.d.A.); natacha.coelho@necton.pt (N.C.); hmduarte@ualg.pt (H.D.); daproenca@ualg.pt (D.N.P.); smgoncalves@ualg.pt (S.G.); aromano@ualg.pt (A.R.) 3 University of Coimbra, Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal 4 University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal 7 Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden 5 MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Enviro |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 7 Surface and Colloid Engineering, FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden – name: 5 MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, CEBAL, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; fatima.duarte@cebal.pt – name: 4 University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal – name: 3 University of Coimbra, Chemical Engineering and Renewable Resources for Sustainability (CERES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal – name: 6 CIMA—Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, ARNET—Aquatic Research Networks, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; rbarros@ualg.pt (R.B.); sraposo@ualg.pt (S.R.) – name: 1 MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; ivanjos@ualg.pt (I.V.d.A.); natacha.coelho@necton.pt (N.C.); hmduarte@ualg.pt (H.D.); daproenca@ualg.pt (D.N.P.); smgoncalves@ualg.pt (S.G.); aromano@ualg.pt (A.R.) – name: 2 Necton S.A., Belamandil, 8700-152 Olhão, Portugal |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Isabela Vera orcidid: 0000-0002-3228-8550 surname: dos Anjos fullname: dos Anjos, Isabela Vera – sequence: 2 givenname: Natacha orcidid: 0000-0003-4265-5622 surname: Coelho fullname: Coelho, Natacha – sequence: 3 givenname: Hugo orcidid: 0000-0001-6461-3541 surname: Duarte fullname: Duarte, Hugo – sequence: 4 givenname: Diogo Neves surname: Proença fullname: Proença, Diogo Neves – sequence: 5 givenname: Maria F. orcidid: 0000-0002-2223-7784 surname: Duarte fullname: Duarte, Maria F. – sequence: 6 givenname: Raul surname: Barros fullname: Barros, Raul – sequence: 7 givenname: Sara orcidid: 0000-0001-5344-7349 surname: Raposo fullname: Raposo, Sara – sequence: 8 givenname: Sandra orcidid: 0000-0002-3038-4434 surname: Gonçalves fullname: Gonçalves, Sandra – sequence: 9 givenname: Anabela orcidid: 0000-0002-7204-7428 surname: Romano fullname: Romano, Anabela – sequence: 10 givenname: Bruno orcidid: 0000-0003-0972-1739 surname: Medronho fullname: Medronho, Bruno |
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| Keywords | renewable resources single-cell protein bioconversion circular economy microbial fermentation |
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| Title | From Lignocellulosic Residues to Protein Sources: Insights into Biomass Pre-Treatments and Conversion |
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