The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review
With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more...
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| Published in | Agronomy for sustainable development Vol. 37; no. 5; pp. 1 - 14 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Paris
Springer Paris
01.10.2017
Springer Nature B.V Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1774-0746 1773-0155 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s13593-017-0452-8 |
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| Abstract | With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into high-quality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity. |
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| AbstractList | With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into high-quality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity. AbstractWith a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into high-quality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity. |
| ArticleNumber | 43 |
| Author | van Huis, Arnold Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Arnold orcidid: 0000-0002-4213-4539 surname: van Huis fullname: van Huis, Arnold email: arnold.vanhuis@wur.nl organization: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research – sequence: 2 givenname: Dennis G. A. B. surname: Oonincx fullname: Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B. organization: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research |
| BackLink | https://hal.science/hal-02967763$$DView record in HAL |
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| Keywords | Climate change Pollution Life cycle analysis Insect farming Edible insects Overharvesting Environmental impact Feed conversion efficiency |
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| SubjectTerms | Africa Agricultural ecosystems Agricultural land Agricultural management Agricultural production Agriculture agroecosystems Agronomy Animal feed Anthropogenic factors Aquatic insects Aquatic populations Biodiversity Biomedical and Life Sciences Climate change Diet Edible insects Environmental impact environmental sustainability Farming Feed conversion Feed conversion efficiency Feeds Fish meal Food Food contamination Food quality Food resources Forest management Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Habitat changes habitats Harvesting industrialization Insect farming Insects Life cycle analysis Life Sciences Livestock Livestock production Management systems Meat meat consumption Meat products Overexploitation Overharvesting Pests Pollution Protein sources Review Article Small farms Small-scale farming Soil Science & Conservation Species Sustainability Sustainable Development Sustainable harvest Sustainable practices Threatened species Water pollution World population |
| Title | The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review |
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