Co-opting signalling molecules enables logic-gated control of CAR T cells

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells 1 , 2 . Researchers have attempted to a...

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Published inNature (London) Vol. 615; no. 7952; pp. 507 - 516
Main Authors Tousley, Aidan M., Rotiroti, Maria Caterina, Labanieh, Louai, Rysavy, Lea Wenting, Kim, Won-Ju, Lareau, Caleb, Sotillo, Elena, Weber, Evan W., Rietberg, Skyler P., Dalton, Guillermo Nicolas, Yin, Yajie, Klysz, Dorota, Xu, Peng, de la Serna, Eva L., Dunn, Alexander R., Satpathy, Ansuman T., Mackall, Crystal L., Majzner, Robbie G.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 16.03.2023
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0028-0836
1476-4687
1476-4687
DOI10.1038/s41586-023-05778-2

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Abstract Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells 1 , 2 . Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity 3 – 5 ; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive 6 . Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity 7 and fibrosis 8 . In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering. Logic gating is used to develop a CAR T cell platform that is highly specific and allows the activity of T cells to be restricted to the encounter of two antigens, thus reducing on-target, off-tumour toxicity.
AbstractList Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells 1 , 2 . Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity 3 – 5 ; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive 6 . Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity 7 and fibrosis 8 . In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells . Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity ; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive . Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity and fibrosis . In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells 1 , 2 . Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity 3 – 5 ; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive 6 . Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity 7 and fibrosis 8 . In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering. Logic gating is used to develop a CAR T cell platform that is highly specific and allows the activity of T cells to be restricted to the encounter of two antigens, thus reducing on-target, off-tumour toxicity.
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells1,2. Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity3-5; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive6. Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity7 and fibrosis8. In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells1,2. Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity3-5; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive6. Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity7 and fibrosis8. In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells1,2. Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity3-5; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive6. Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3Z domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity7 and fibrosis8. In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.
Author Xu, Peng
Tousley, Aidan M.
de la Serna, Eva L.
Labanieh, Louai
Kim, Won-Ju
Dalton, Guillermo Nicolas
Rotiroti, Maria Caterina
Majzner, Robbie G.
Rysavy, Lea Wenting
Yin, Yajie
Lareau, Caleb
Sotillo, Elena
Satpathy, Ansuman T.
Mackall, Crystal L.
Klysz, Dorota
Rietberg, Skyler P.
Weber, Evan W.
Dunn, Alexander R.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
4 Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
2 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
10 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
8 Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
6 Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
7 Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
3 Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
5 Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
9 Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 6 Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
– name: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 5 Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 9 Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 10 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 7 Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 2 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 8 Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
– name: 3 Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
– name: 4 Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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  organization: Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
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  organization: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36890224$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Author contributions A.M.T. conceptualized the work, cloned constructs, designed and performed experiments, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. M.C.R. conceptualized the work, designed and performed experiments and analysed data. L.L. conceptualized the work, cloned constructs and designed experiments. L.W.R. cloned constructs, performed experiments and analysed data. W.-J.K. designed and performed experiments and analysed data. C.L. and Y.Y. performed and analysed scRNA-seq experiments. E.S. designed experiments and performed molecular analyses. E.W.W. designed experiments and analysed scRNA-seq data. S.P.R. cloned constructs, designed and performed experiments and analysed data. G.N.D. performed in vivo experiments. D.K. designed experiments. P.X. performed in vivo experiments. E.L.d.l.S. performed experiments. A.T.S., C.L.M. and A.R.D. supervised and/or funded some elements of the work. R.G.M. conceptualized, funded and supervised the work, designed experiments and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the editing of the manuscript.
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37106112 - Nat Cancer. 2023 Apr;4(4):447-449
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Snippet Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has...
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Antigens
Biocompatibility
Boolean
Cell Engineering - methods
Channel gating
Chimeric antigen receptors
Cytokines
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Immunotherapy, Adoptive - adverse effects
Intracellular
Intracellular signalling
Kinases
Leukemia, B-Cell
Logic
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Lymphoma, B-Cell
Malignancy
multidisciplinary
Neoplasms - immunology
Neoplasms - metabolism
Neoplasms - therapy
Pharmacology
Receptors
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell - immunology
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell - metabolism
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen - immunology
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen - metabolism
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Signal Transduction
Signaling
SLP-76 protein
Solid tumors
T cell receptors
T-Lymphocytes - immunology
T-Lymphocytes - metabolism
Toxicity
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Tumors
ZAP-70 protein
Title Co-opting signalling molecules enables logic-gated control of CAR T cells
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41586-023-05778-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36890224
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2787673688
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2785200481
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10564584
Volume 615
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