Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. T...
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Published in | African journal of ecology Vol. 39; no. 2; pp. 187 - 194 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Science Ltd
01.06.2001
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0141-6707 1365-2028 |
DOI | 10.1046/j.0141-6707.2000.00297.x |
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Abstract | African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park.
Résumé
Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange. |
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AbstractList | African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park.
Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange. African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park. Résumé Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange. African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought-related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought-related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age-specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die-offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park. |
Author | Dudley, J. P. Gibson, D. ST. C. Haynes, G. Klimowicz, J. Criag, G. C. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J. P. surname: Dudley fullname: Dudley, J. P. email: Correspondence: 702 Fletcher Place, Rockville, MD 20851-1405, U.S.A. ; tel./fax: 301 424 8905.Present address: PO Box 25476, Windhoek, Namibia., fnjpd@aurora.alaska.edu organization: Department of Biology & Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A – sequence: 2 givenname: G. C. surname: Criag fullname: Criag, G. C. email: Correspondence: 702 Fletcher Place, Rockville, MD 20851-1405, U.S.A. ; tel./fax: 301 424 8905.Present address: PO Box 25476, Windhoek, Namibia., fnjpd@aurora.alaska.edu organization: ELESMAP Project, Gaborone, Botswana – sequence: 3 givenname: D. ST. C. surname: Gibson fullname: Gibson, D. ST. C. organization: ELESMAP Project, Gaborone, Botswana – sequence: 4 givenname: G. surname: Haynes fullname: Haynes, G. organization: Anthropology Department, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, U.S.A – sequence: 5 givenname: J. surname: Klimowicz fullname: Klimowicz, J. organization: Anthropology Department, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, U.S.A |
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References | Childes, S.L. & Walker, B.H. (1987) Ecology and dynamics of the woody vegetation on Kalahari Sands in Hwange National Park. Vegetatio 72, 111-128. Martin, R.B., Craig, G.C., Booth, V.R., Conybeare, A. (1992) Elephant Management in Zimbabwe. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, Harare, Zimbabwe. Sikes, S.K. (1968) The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. J. Zool. Lond. 154, 235-248. Haynes, G. (1991) Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants. Cambridge University Press, New York. Corfield, T. (1973) Elephant mortality in Tsavo National Park, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 11, 339-368. DNPWLM (1996) Aerial Census of Elephant and Other Large Mammals in the Gonarhezhou, Zambezi Valley, North-West Matabeleland, Sebungwe, Dande and Communal Land Regions of Zimbabwe: July to November, 1995. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, Harare, Zimbabwe. Laws, R.M. (1966) Age criteria for the African elephant. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 4, 1-37. Laws, R.M. & Parker, I.S.C. (1968) Recent studies on elephant populations in East Africa. Symp Zool. Soc. Lond. 21, 319-359. Laws, R.M., Parker, I.S.C., Johnstone, R.C.B. (1975) Elephants and Their Habitats. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Sas. (1996) SAS Release 6.10. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, U.S.A. Weir, J.S. (1971) The effect of creating artificial water supplies in a central African national park. Symp Br. Ecol. Soc. 11, 367-385. Walker, B.H., Emslie, R.H., Owen-Smith, N., Scholes, R.J. (1987) To cull or not to cull: lessons from a southern African drought. J. appl. Ecol. 24, 381-401. Williamson, B.R. (1975) Seasonal distribution of elephant in Wankie National Park. Arnoldia 7(11), 1-16. Moss, C. (1988) Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family. William Morrow, New York. Smithers, R.H.N. (1983) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Conybeare, A. & Haynes, G. (1984) Observations on elephant mortality and bones in water holes. Quat. Res. 22, 189-200. Hulme, M., Arntzen, J., Downing, T., Leemans, R., Malcolm, J., Reynard, N., Ringrose, S., Rogers, D., Chiziya, E., Conway, D., Joyce, A., Jain, P., Magadza, C., Markham, A., Mulenga, H. (1996) Climate Change and Southern Africa: an Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications in the SADC Region. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Whitehouse, A.M. & Hall-Martin, A.J. (2000) Elephants in Addo National Park, South Africa: reconstruction of the population's history. Oryx 34, 46-55. Haynes, G. (1988) Longitudinal studies of African elephant death deposits. J. Archeol. Sci. 15, 131-157. Haynes, G. (1987) Proboscidean die-offs and die-outs: age profiles in fossil collections. J. Archeol. Sci. 14, 659-688. Price Waterhouse Consultants. (1996) Elephant Census in Zimbabwe 1980-95: an Analysis and Review. Price Waterhouse Consultants, Harare, Zimbabwe. Wilson, V.J. (1975) The Mammals of Wankie National Park. National Museums and Monuments, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Haynes, G. (1985) Age profiles in elephant and mammoth bone assemblages. Quat. Res. 24, 333-345. Jachmann, H. (1988) Estimating age in African elephants: a revision of Laws' molar evaluation technique. Afr. J. Ecol. 26, 51-56. 1966; 4 1987; 24 1987; 14 1971; 11 1973; 11 1987; 72 2000; 34 1968; 154 1984; 22 1988; 15 1988; 26 1975 1996 1983 1992 1991 1975; 7 1968; 21 1985; 24 1988 Sas. (e_1_2_6_18_1) 1996 Haynes G. (e_1_2_6_9_1) 1991 e_1_2_6_21_1 Childes S.L. (e_1_2_6_2_1) 1987; 72 Martin R.B. (e_1_2_6_15_1) 1992 Wilson V.J. (e_1_2_6_25_1) 1975 Whitehouse A.M. (e_1_2_6_23_1) 2000; 34 DNPWLM (e_1_2_6_5_1) 1996 Smithers R.H.N. (e_1_2_6_20_1) 1983 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 Weir J.S. (e_1_2_6_22_1) 1971; 11 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 Moss C. (e_1_2_6_16_1) 1988 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 Price Waterhouse Consultants. (e_1_2_6_17_1) 1996 e_1_2_6_12_1 Laws R.M. (e_1_2_6_13_1) 1968; 21 Williamson B.R. (e_1_2_6_24_1) 1975; 7 Hulme M. (e_1_2_6_10_1) 1996 Laws R.M. (e_1_2_6_14_1) 1975 |
References_xml | – reference: Williamson, B.R. (1975) Seasonal distribution of elephant in Wankie National Park. Arnoldia 7(11), 1-16. – reference: Haynes, G. (1988) Longitudinal studies of African elephant death deposits. J. Archeol. Sci. 15, 131-157. – reference: Jachmann, H. (1988) Estimating age in African elephants: a revision of Laws' molar evaluation technique. Afr. J. Ecol. 26, 51-56. – reference: Smithers, R.H.N. (1983) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. – reference: Weir, J.S. (1971) The effect of creating artificial water supplies in a central African national park. Symp Br. Ecol. Soc. 11, 367-385. – reference: Conybeare, A. & Haynes, G. (1984) Observations on elephant mortality and bones in water holes. Quat. Res. 22, 189-200. – reference: Moss, C. (1988) Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family. William Morrow, New York. – reference: Haynes, G. (1985) Age profiles in elephant and mammoth bone assemblages. Quat. Res. 24, 333-345. – reference: Hulme, M., Arntzen, J., Downing, T., Leemans, R., Malcolm, J., Reynard, N., Ringrose, S., Rogers, D., Chiziya, E., Conway, D., Joyce, A., Jain, P., Magadza, C., Markham, A., Mulenga, H. (1996) Climate Change and Southern Africa: an Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications in the SADC Region. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. – reference: Haynes, G. (1991) Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants. Cambridge University Press, New York. – reference: Laws, R.M. & Parker, I.S.C. (1968) Recent studies on elephant populations in East Africa. Symp Zool. Soc. Lond. 21, 319-359. – reference: Laws, R.M., Parker, I.S.C., Johnstone, R.C.B. (1975) Elephants and Their Habitats. Clarendon Press, Oxford. – reference: Martin, R.B., Craig, G.C., Booth, V.R., Conybeare, A. (1992) Elephant Management in Zimbabwe. 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Snippet | African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We... |
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SubjectTerms | age-criteria drought elephant Loxodonta Loxodonta africana mortality Zimbabwe |
Title | Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe |
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