Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe

African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. T...

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Published inAfrican journal of ecology Vol. 39; no. 2; pp. 187 - 194
Main Authors Dudley, J. P., Criag, G. C., Gibson, D. ST. C., Haynes, G., Klimowicz, J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Science Ltd 01.06.2001
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0141-6707
1365-2028
DOI10.1046/j.0141-6707.2000.00297.x

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Abstract African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park. Résumé Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange.
AbstractList African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park. Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange.
African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought‐related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought‐related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age‐specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die‐offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park. Résumé Les éléphants de brousse qui habitent la région des Kalahari Sands du Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, sont victimes de mortalitéépisodique pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Nous avons suivi la mortalité due à la sécheresse des éléphants du Parc National de Hwange tout au long d'une sécheresse qui a duré de 1993 à 1995. La mortalité due à la sécheresse a été plus forte en 1994 qu'en 1995, malgré des chutes de pluies supérieures en 1994 qu'en 1995. Nous avons trouvé des différences significatives dans la mortalité spécifique de l'âge des éléphants en 1994 et en 1995. Le profil de la mortalité cumulée issu de cette étude était significativement différent des valeurs relevées précédemment à cet endroit, la mortalité parmi les classes d'âge adultes étant plus élevée que celle relevée dans les études antérieures menées au Parc National de Hwange. La durée effective de la saison des pluies et non les précipitations annuelles totales semble être le meilleur facteur pour prédire la sévérité potentielle de la mortalité due à la sécheresse chez les éléphants des Kalahari Sands, au Parc National de Hwange.
African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We monitored the drought-related mortality of elephants in Hwange National Park over the course of an extended drought between 1993 and 1995. The drought-related mortality of elephants was higher during 1994 than 1995, despite significantly higher rainfall in 1994 than 1995. We found significant differences in the age-specific mortality of elephants during 1994 and 1995. The cumulative mortality profile from this study differed significantly from previous die-offs at this site, with a higher mortality among adult age classes than that reported from earlier studies in Hwange National Park. The effective duration of the rainy season, not total annual precipitation, appears to be the best predictor for the potential severity of drought mortality among elephants in the Kalahari Sands habitats of Hwange National Park.
Author Dudley, J. P.
Gibson, D. ST. C.
Haynes, G.
Klimowicz, J.
Criag, G. C.
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  email: Correspondence: 702 Fletcher Place, Rockville, MD 20851-1405, U.S.A. ; tel./fax: 301 424 8905.Present address: PO Box 25476, Windhoek, Namibia., fnjpd@aurora.alaska.edu
  organization: Department of Biology & Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A
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  surname: Criag
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  email: Correspondence: 702 Fletcher Place, Rockville, MD 20851-1405, U.S.A. ; tel./fax: 301 424 8905.Present address: PO Box 25476, Windhoek, Namibia., fnjpd@aurora.alaska.edu
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References_xml – reference: Williamson, B.R. (1975) Seasonal distribution of elephant in Wankie National Park. Arnoldia 7(11), 1-16.
– reference: Haynes, G. (1988) Longitudinal studies of African elephant death deposits. J. Archeol. Sci. 15, 131-157.
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– reference: Conybeare, A. & Haynes, G. (1984) Observations on elephant mortality and bones in water holes. Quat. Res. 22, 189-200.
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Snippet African bush elephants inhabiting the undeveloped Kalahari Sands region of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe are subject to episodic mortality during droughts. We...
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SubjectTerms age-criteria
drought
elephant
Loxodonta
Loxodonta africana
mortality
Zimbabwe
Title Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
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