Investigating the Postprandial Metabolome after Challenge Tests to Assess Metabolic Flexibility and Dysregulations Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases

• Published in: Nutrients Vol. 14; no. 3; p. 472
• Main Authors: Lépine, Gaïa, Tremblay-Franco, Marie, Bouder, Sabrine, Dimina, Laurianne, Fouillet, Hélène, Mariotti, François, Polakof, Sergio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 21.01.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology; Chromatography; Diet; Disease; energy; Flexibility; food matrix; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; glucose tolerance tests; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; ingestion; insulin; Insulin resistance; Life Sciences; lipids; Mass spectrometry; Meals; Metabolic syndrome; metabolism; Metabolites; Metabolome; metabolomics; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Nutrients; Nutrition research; oxidation; phenotype; Physiology; Postprandial Period - physiology; research planning; Review; risk; Scientific imaging; nutrition; oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT); type 2 diabetes; omics; nutritional phenotypic flexibility; challenge meal; postprandial physiology; insulin resistance; oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu14030472

This review focuses on the added value provided by a research strategy applying metabolomics analyses to assess phenotypic flexibility in response to different nutritional challenge tests in the framework of metabolic clinical studies. We discuss findings related to the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and to mixed meals with varying fat contents and food matrix complexities. Overall, the use of challenge tests combined with metabolomics revealed subtle metabolic dysregulations exacerbated during the postprandial period when comparing healthy and at cardiometabolic risk subjects. In healthy subjects, consistent postprandial metabolic shifts driven by insulin action were reported (e.g., a switch from lipid to glucose oxidation for energy fueling) with similarities between OGTT and mixed meals, especially during the first hours following meal ingestion while differences appeared in a wider timeframe. In populations with expected reduced phenotypic flexibility, often associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, a blunted response on most key postprandial pathways was reported. We also discuss the most suitable statistical tools to analyze the dynamic alterations of the postprandial metabolome while accounting for complexity in study designs and data structure. Overall, the in-depth characterization of the postprandial metabolism and associated phenotypic flexibility appears highly promising for a better understanding of the onset of cardiometabolic diseases.