Hard SyDR: A Benchmarking Environment for Global Navigation Satellite System Algorithms

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 2; p. 409
• Main Authors: Grenier, Antoine, Lei, Jie, Damsgaard, Hans Jakob, Quintana-Ortí, Enrique S., Ometov, Aleksandr, Lohan, Elena Simona, Nurmi, Jari
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Application-specific integrated circuits; Approximation; Artificial satellites; benchmarking; Benchmarks; Communications equipment; computational complexity; Custom integrated circuits; Design; Discovery and exploration; Energy consumption; Field programmable gate arrays; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); Fourier transforms; global navigation satellite system (GNSS); open-source software; Outer space; Public software; Python; Radios; Receivers & amplifiers; Satellites; Semiconductor industry; Software; United States; open-source software; global navigation satellite system (GNSS); benchmarking; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); computational complexity
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24020409

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely used today for both positioning and timing purposes. Many distinct receiver chips are available as Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)s off-the-shelf, each tailored to the requirements of various applications. These chips deliver good performance and low energy consumption but offer customers little-to-no transparency about their internal features. This prevents modification, research in GNSS processing chain enhancement (e.g., application of Approximate Computing (AxC) techniques), and design space exploration to find the optimal receiver for a use case. In this paper, we review the GNSS processing chain using SyDR, our open-source GNSS Software-Defined Radio (SDR) designed for algorithm benchmarking, and highlight the limitations of a software-only environment. In return, we propose an evolution to our system, called Hard SyDR to become closer to the hardware layer and access new Key Performance Indicator (KPI)s, such as power/energy consumption and resource utilization. We use High-Level Synthesis (HLS) and the PYNQ platform to ease our development process and provide an overview of their advantages/limitations in our project. Finally, we evaluate the foreseen developments, including how this work can serve as the foundation for an exploration of AxC techniques in future low-power GNSS receivers.