Older adults’ coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic – a longitudinal mixed-methods study
Older age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative (e.g., loneliness, stress, f...
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| Published in | Frontiers in psychology Vol. 14; p. 1209021 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
04.09.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1664-1078 1664-1078 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209021 |
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| Abstract | Older age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative
(e.g., loneliness, stress, fear, anxiety, depression) or
(e.g., lack of exercise, missing medical visits) consequences depending on individual strategies and personality traits to cope longitudinally with this crisis.
To examine the impact of individuals' coping with the pandemic on mental health, a large sample of 880 older adults of the prospective longitudinal cohort TREND study were surveyed six times about their individual coping strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic between May 2020 (05/2020:
= 72.1,
= 6.4, Range: 58-91 years) and November 2022 in an open response format. The relevant survey question was:
E.g.
In total, we obtained 4,561 records containing 20,578 text passages that were coded and assigned to 427 distinct categories on seven levels based on qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA. The results allow new insights into the impact of
(e.g., value beliefs, living conditions), the
(e.g., positive, irrelevant, stressful) as well as the
(e.g., cognitive, emotional- or problem-focused) to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic by using an adapted Lazarus stress model. Throughout the pandemic emotional-focused as well as problem-focused strategies were the main coping strategies, whereas general beliefs, general living conditions and the evaluation were mentioned less frequently. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Older age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative psychological (e.g., loneliness, stress, fear, anxiety, depression) or physical (e.g., lack of exercise, missing medical visits) consequences depending on individual strategies and personality traits to cope longitudinally with this crisis.IntroductionOlder age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative psychological (e.g., loneliness, stress, fear, anxiety, depression) or physical (e.g., lack of exercise, missing medical visits) consequences depending on individual strategies and personality traits to cope longitudinally with this crisis.To examine the impact of individuals' coping with the pandemic on mental health, a large sample of 880 older adults of the prospective longitudinal cohort TREND study were surveyed six times about their individual coping strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic between May 2020 (05/2020: Mage = 72.1, SDage = 6.4, Range: 58-91 years) and November 2022 in an open response format. The relevant survey question was: "What was helpful for you to get through the last months despite the COVID-19 pandemic? E.g., phone calls, going for a walk, or others."MethodsTo examine the impact of individuals' coping with the pandemic on mental health, a large sample of 880 older adults of the prospective longitudinal cohort TREND study were surveyed six times about their individual coping strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic between May 2020 (05/2020: Mage = 72.1, SDage = 6.4, Range: 58-91 years) and November 2022 in an open response format. The relevant survey question was: "What was helpful for you to get through the last months despite the COVID-19 pandemic? E.g., phone calls, going for a walk, or others."In total, we obtained 4,561 records containing 20,578 text passages that were coded and assigned to 427 distinct categories on seven levels based on qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA. The results allow new insights into the impact of personal prerequisites (e.g., value beliefs, living conditions), the general evaluation of the pandemic (e.g., positive, irrelevant, stressful) as well as the applied coping strategies (e.g., cognitive, emotional- or problem-focused) to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic by using an adapted Lazarus stress model. Throughout the pandemic emotional-focused as well as problem-focused strategies were the main coping strategies, whereas general beliefs, general living conditions and the evaluation were mentioned less frequently.Results and DiscussionIn total, we obtained 4,561 records containing 20,578 text passages that were coded and assigned to 427 distinct categories on seven levels based on qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA. The results allow new insights into the impact of personal prerequisites (e.g., value beliefs, living conditions), the general evaluation of the pandemic (e.g., positive, irrelevant, stressful) as well as the applied coping strategies (e.g., cognitive, emotional- or problem-focused) to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic by using an adapted Lazarus stress model. Throughout the pandemic emotional-focused as well as problem-focused strategies were the main coping strategies, whereas general beliefs, general living conditions and the evaluation were mentioned less frequently. IntroductionOlder age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative psychological (e.g., loneliness, stress, fear, anxiety, depression) or physical (e.g., lack of exercise, missing medical visits) consequences depending on individual strategies and personality traits to cope longitudinally with this crisis.MethodsTo examine the impact of individuals’ coping with the pandemic on mental health, a large sample of 880 older adults of the prospective longitudinal cohort TREND study were surveyed six times about their individual coping strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic between May 2020 (05/2020: Mage = 72.1, SDage = 6.4, Range: 58–91 years) and November 2022 in an open response format. The relevant survey question was: “What was helpful for you to get through the last months despite the COVID-19 pandemic? E.g., phone calls, going for a walk, or others.”Results and DiscussionIn total, we obtained 4,561 records containing 20,578 text passages that were coded and assigned to 427 distinct categories on seven levels based on qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA. The results allow new insights into the impact of personal prerequisites (e.g., value beliefs, living conditions), the general evaluation of the pandemic (e.g., positive, irrelevant, stressful) as well as the applied coping strategies (e.g., cognitive, emotional- or problem-focused) to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic by using an adapted Lazarus stress model. Throughout the pandemic emotional-focused as well as problem-focused strategies were the main coping strategies, whereas general beliefs, general living conditions and the evaluation were mentioned less frequently. Older age is a main risk factor for severe COVID-19. In 2020, a broad political debate was initiated as to what extent older adults need special protection and isolation to minimize their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, isolation might also have indirect negative (e.g., loneliness, stress, fear, anxiety, depression) or (e.g., lack of exercise, missing medical visits) consequences depending on individual strategies and personality traits to cope longitudinally with this crisis. To examine the impact of individuals' coping with the pandemic on mental health, a large sample of 880 older adults of the prospective longitudinal cohort TREND study were surveyed six times about their individual coping strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic between May 2020 (05/2020: = 72.1, = 6.4, Range: 58-91 years) and November 2022 in an open response format. The relevant survey question was: E.g. In total, we obtained 4,561 records containing 20,578 text passages that were coded and assigned to 427 distinct categories on seven levels based on qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA. The results allow new insights into the impact of (e.g., value beliefs, living conditions), the (e.g., positive, irrelevant, stressful) as well as the (e.g., cognitive, emotional- or problem-focused) to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic by using an adapted Lazarus stress model. Throughout the pandemic emotional-focused as well as problem-focused strategies were the main coping strategies, whereas general beliefs, general living conditions and the evaluation were mentioned less frequently. |
| Author | von Thaler, Anna-Katharina Kastner, Lydia Maetzler, Walter Berg, Daniela Heinzel, Sebastian Fallgatter, Andreas J. Suenkel, Ulrike Mychajliw, Christian Dankowski, Theresa Eschweiler, Gerhard W. Thiel, Ansgar Brockmann, Kathrin |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Institute for Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany 8 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany 4 Geriatric Center, Tübingen University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany 2 Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany 6 Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University , Kiel , Germany 3 German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany 9 Lead Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany 5 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University , Kiel , Germany 7 Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University , Kiel , Germany – name: 7 Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany – name: 4 Geriatric Center, Tübingen University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany – name: 8 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany – name: 2 Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital , Tübingen , Germany – name: 6 Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and Kiel University , Kiel , Germany – name: 9 Lead Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany – name: 1 Institute for Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany – name: 3 German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lydia surname: Kastner fullname: Kastner, Lydia – sequence: 2 givenname: Ulrike surname: Suenkel fullname: Suenkel, Ulrike – sequence: 3 givenname: Gerhard W. surname: Eschweiler fullname: Eschweiler, Gerhard W. – sequence: 4 givenname: Theresa surname: Dankowski fullname: Dankowski, Theresa – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna-Katharina surname: von Thaler fullname: von Thaler, Anna-Katharina – sequence: 6 givenname: Christian surname: Mychajliw fullname: Mychajliw, Christian – sequence: 7 givenname: Kathrin surname: Brockmann fullname: Brockmann, Kathrin – sequence: 8 givenname: Walter surname: Maetzler fullname: Maetzler, Walter – sequence: 9 givenname: Daniela surname: Berg fullname: Berg, Daniela – sequence: 10 givenname: Andreas J. surname: Fallgatter fullname: Fallgatter, Andreas J. – sequence: 11 givenname: Sebastian surname: Heinzel fullname: Heinzel, Sebastian – sequence: 12 givenname: Ansgar surname: Thiel fullname: Thiel, Ansgar |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37744579$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | COVID-19 Lazarus stress model older adults psychosocial factors coping |
| Language | English |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship Edited by: Mateusz Krystian Grajek, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland Reviewed by: Selka Sadiković, University of Novi Sad, Serbia; Alessandro Miani, University of Bristol, United Kingdom |
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| Title | Older adults’ coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic – a longitudinal mixed-methods study |
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