Association between sex steroid hormones and subsequent hyperglycemia during pregnancy
Sex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first...
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| Published in | Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne) Vol. 14; p. 1213402 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
08.09.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1664-2392 1664-2392 |
| DOI | 10.3389/fendo.2023.1213402 |
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| Abstract | Sex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Retrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels.
In adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone.
Early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors. |
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| AbstractList | Sex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Retrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels.
In adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone.
Early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors. ObjectiveSex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes.MethodsRetrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels.ResultsIn adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone.ConclusionEarly-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors. Sex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes.ObjectiveSex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes.Retrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels.MethodsRetrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels.In adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone.ResultsIn adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone.Early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors.ConclusionEarly-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors. |
| Author | O’Connor, Thomas G. Groth, Susan W. Barrett, Emily S. Meng, Ying Kautz, Amber Thornburg, Loralei L. Hoeger, Kathleen M. Wang, Christina Miller, Richard K. Evans, Adam T. Núñez, Zorimar Rivera |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 School of Nursing, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , United States 5 Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States 7 Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , United States 9 Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States 3 Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway, NJ , United States 4 Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ , United States 8 Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States 6 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institue, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center , Torrance, CA , United States |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 4 Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ , United States – name: 8 Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 1 School of Nursing, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 6 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institue, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center , Torrance, CA , United States – name: 7 Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 9 Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY , United States – name: 3 Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway, NJ , United States |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ying surname: Meng fullname: Meng, Ying – sequence: 2 givenname: Loralei L. surname: Thornburg fullname: Thornburg, Loralei L. – sequence: 3 givenname: Kathleen M. surname: Hoeger fullname: Hoeger, Kathleen M. – sequence: 4 givenname: Zorimar Rivera surname: Núñez fullname: Núñez, Zorimar Rivera – sequence: 5 givenname: Amber surname: Kautz fullname: Kautz, Amber – sequence: 6 givenname: Adam T. surname: Evans fullname: Evans, Adam T. – sequence: 7 givenname: Christina surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Christina – sequence: 8 givenname: Richard K. surname: Miller fullname: Miller, Richard K. – sequence: 9 givenname: Susan W. surname: Groth fullname: Groth, Susan W. – sequence: 10 givenname: Thomas G. surname: O’Connor fullname: O’Connor, Thomas G. – sequence: 11 givenname: Emily S. surname: Barrett fullname: Barrett, Emily S. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37766683$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2023 Meng, Thornburg, Hoeger, Núñez, Kautz, Evans, Wang, Miller, Groth, O’Connor and Barrett. Copyright © 2023 Meng, Thornburg, Hoeger, Núñez, Kautz, Evans, Wang, Miller, Groth, O’Connor and Barrett 2023 Meng, Thornburg, Hoeger, Núñez, Kautz, Evans, Wang, Miller, Groth, O’Connor and Barrett |
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| Keywords | sex steroid hormone hyperglycemia estrogen testosterone gestational diabetes |
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| SubjectTerms | Cohort Studies Diabetes, Gestational Endocrinology estrogen Estrone Female gestational diabetes Glucose Gonadal Steroid Hormones Humans Hyperglycemia Pregnancy Prospective Studies Retrospective Studies sex steroid hormone Testosterone |
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| Title | Association between sex steroid hormones and subsequent hyperglycemia during pregnancy |
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