Human Identification by Cross-Correlation and Pattern Matching of Personalized Heartbeat: Influence of ECG Leads and Reference Database Size
Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a...
Saved in:
| Published in | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 18; no. 2; p. 372 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
27.01.2018
MDPI |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1424-8220 1424-8220 |
| DOI | 10.3390/s18020372 |
Cover
| Abstract | Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a database with 460 pairs of 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECG) with 10-s durations recorded at time-instants T1 and T2 > T1 + 1 year. Intra-subject long-term ECG stability and inter-subject variability of personalized PQRST (500 ms) and QRS (100 ms) patterns is quantified via cross-correlation, amplitude ratio and pattern matching between T1 and T2 using 7 features × 12-leads. Single and multi-lead ID models are trained on the first 230 ECG pairs. Their validation on 10, 20, ... 230 reference subjects (RS) from the remaining 230 ECG pairs shows: (i) two best single-lead ID models using lead II for a small population RS = (10–140) with identification accuracy AccID = (89.4–67.2)% and aVF for a large population RS = (140–230) with AccID = (67.2–63.9)%; (ii) better performance of the 6-lead limb vs. the 6-lead chest ID model—(91.4–76.1)% vs. (90.9–70)% for RS = (10–230); (iii) best performance of the 12-lead ID model—(98.4–87.4)% for RS = (10–230). The tolerable reference database size, keeping AccID > 80%, is RS = 30 in the single-lead ID scenario (II); RS = 50 (6 chest leads); RS = 100 (6 limb leads), RS > 230—maximal population in this study (12-lead ECG). |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a database with 460 pairs of 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECG) with 10-s durations recorded at time-instants T1 and T2 > T1 + 1 year. Intra-subject long-term ECG stability and inter-subject variability of personalized PQRST (500 ms) and QRS (100 ms) patterns is quantified via cross-correlation, amplitude ratio and pattern matching between T1 and T2 using 7 features × 12-leads. Single and multi-lead ID models are trained on the first 230 ECG pairs. Their validation on 10, 20, ... 230 reference subjects (RS) from the remaining 230 ECG pairs shows: (i) two best single-lead ID models using lead II for a small population RS = (10–140) with identification accuracy AccID = (89.4–67.2)% and aVF for a large population RS = (140–230) with AccID = (67.2–63.9)%; (ii) better performance of the 6-lead limb vs. the 6-lead chest ID model—(91.4–76.1)% vs. (90.9–70)% for RS = (10–230); (iii) best performance of the 12-lead ID model—(98.4–87.4)% for RS = (10–230). The tolerable reference database size, keeping AccID > 80%, is RS = 30 in the single-lead ID scenario (II); RS = 50 (6 chest leads); RS = 100 (6 limb leads), RS > 230—maximal population in this study (12-lead ECG). Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a database with 460 pairs of 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECG) with 10-s durations recorded at time-instants T1 and T2 > T1 + 1 year. Intra-subject long-term ECG stability and inter-subject variability of personalized PQRST (500 ms) and QRS (100 ms) patterns is quantified via cross-correlation, amplitude ratio and pattern matching between T1 and T2 using 7 features × 12-leads. Single and multi-lead ID models are trained on the first 230 ECG pairs. Their validation on 10, 20, ... 230 reference subjects (RS) from the remaining 230 ECG pairs shows: (i) two best single-lead ID models using lead II for a small population RS = (10-140) with identification accuracy = (89.4-67.2)% and aVF for a large population RS = (140-230) with = (67.2-63.9)%; (ii) better performance of the 6-lead limb vs. the 6-lead chest ID model-(91.4-76.1)% vs. (90.9-70)% for RS = (10-230); (iii) best performance of the 12-lead ID model-(98.4-87.4)% for RS = (10-230). The tolerable reference database size, keeping > 80%, is RS = 30 in the single-lead ID scenario (II); RS = 50 (6 chest leads); RS = 100 (6 limb leads), RS > 230-maximal population in this study (12-lead ECG). Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a database with 460 pairs of 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECG) with 10-s durations recorded at time-instants T1 and T2 > T1 + 1 year. Intra-subject long-term ECG stability and inter-subject variability of personalized PQRST (500 ms) and QRS (100 ms) patterns is quantified via cross-correlation, amplitude ratio and pattern matching between T1 and T2 using 7 features × 12-leads. Single and multi-lead ID models are trained on the first 230 ECG pairs. Their validation on 10, 20, ... 230 reference subjects (RS) from the remaining 230 ECG pairs shows: (i) two best single-lead ID models using lead II for a small population RS = (10-140) with identification accuracy AccID = (89.4-67.2)% and aVF for a large population RS = (140-230) with AccID = (67.2-63.9)%; (ii) better performance of the 6-lead limb vs. the 6-lead chest ID model-(91.4-76.1)% vs. (90.9-70)% for RS = (10-230); (iii) best performance of the 12-lead ID model-(98.4-87.4)% for RS = (10-230). The tolerable reference database size, keeping AccID > 80%, is RS = 30 in the single-lead ID scenario (II); RS = 50 (6 chest leads); RS = 100 (6 limb leads), RS > 230-maximal population in this study (12-lead ECG).Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This paper aims to present the perspectives of personalized heartbeat pattern for reliable ECG-based identification. The investigations are using a database with 460 pairs of 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECG) with 10-s durations recorded at time-instants T1 and T2 > T1 + 1 year. Intra-subject long-term ECG stability and inter-subject variability of personalized PQRST (500 ms) and QRS (100 ms) patterns is quantified via cross-correlation, amplitude ratio and pattern matching between T1 and T2 using 7 features × 12-leads. Single and multi-lead ID models are trained on the first 230 ECG pairs. Their validation on 10, 20, ... 230 reference subjects (RS) from the remaining 230 ECG pairs shows: (i) two best single-lead ID models using lead II for a small population RS = (10-140) with identification accuracy AccID = (89.4-67.2)% and aVF for a large population RS = (140-230) with AccID = (67.2-63.9)%; (ii) better performance of the 6-lead limb vs. the 6-lead chest ID model-(91.4-76.1)% vs. (90.9-70)% for RS = (10-230); (iii) best performance of the 12-lead ID model-(98.4-87.4)% for RS = (10-230). The tolerable reference database size, keeping AccID > 80%, is RS = 30 in the single-lead ID scenario (II); RS = 50 (6 chest leads); RS = 100 (6 limb leads), RS > 230-maximal population in this study (12-lead ECG). |
| Author | Jekova, Irena Schmid, Ramun Krasteva, Vessela |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; vessika@biomed.bas.bg 2 Schiller AG, Signal Processing, 6341 Baar, Switzerland; ramun.schmid@schiller.ch |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; vessika@biomed.bas.bg – name: 2 Schiller AG, Signal Processing, 6341 Baar, Switzerland; ramun.schmid@schiller.ch |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Irena surname: Jekova fullname: Jekova, Irena – sequence: 2 givenname: Vessela orcidid: 0000-0001-5385-2109 surname: Krasteva fullname: Krasteva, Vessela – sequence: 3 givenname: Ramun surname: Schmid fullname: Schmid, Ramun |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29382064$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp9kdtuEzEQhleoiB7gghdAlrihSEu99mZjc4GEltJECqLicG3Nrsetq40dbC9VeAYeGicppVQI34w1882vmX8Oiz3nHRbF04q-4lzSk1gJyiifsgfFQVWzuhSM0b07__3iMMYrShnnXDwq9pnkgtGmPih-zsYlODLX6JI1todkvSPdmrTBx1i2PgQcdklwmpxDShgc-QCpv7TugnhDzjFE72CwP1CTGUJIHUJ6TebODCO6HjfQaXtGFgg6bmU-ocGwLb2DBB1EJJ9z--PioYEh4pObeFR8fX_6pZ2Vi49n8_btouzrRqayYYDCyEbTumZTMeUceg1G5HzVcNYZPZHQSVaZacMMr6BuqGFCcNlpI4XmR8XLne7oVrC-hmFQq2CXENaqompjqbq1NMNvdvBq7Jao-2xUgD8NHqz6u-Lspbrw39VETCaUiyzw4kYg-G8jxqSWNvY4DODQj1FVUnJKRX4ZfX4PvfJjyN5GxaqKUsm4rDP17O5Et6P8vmoGjndAvzliQPPf9U7usb1N24PnZezwj45f0ALBSQ |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_app11135880 crossref_primary_10_1002_mp_13779 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18051525 crossref_primary_10_3390_s25061864 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsnano_9b06354 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13224377 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18041005 crossref_primary_10_1155_2019_8934905 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2024_124817 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23031507 crossref_primary_10_1155_2019_6751932 crossref_primary_10_2174_18741207_v16_e221031_2022_HT27_3589_16 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TIFS.2012.2215324 10.3390/s17102228 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.08.021 10.1109/ISCCSP.2008.4537472 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.07.021 10.1109/19.930458 10.1155/2013/720834 10.1155/2013/197925 10.1007/s10844-012-0214-7 10.3390/s17020410 10.1155/2011/720971 10.1155/2015/135676 10.3390/s16070996 10.1155/2013/427542 10.1007/s11760-016-0928-z 10.1016/j.patrec.2015.07.014 10.1109/CIBIM.2014.7015440 10.1016/j.patrec.2007.01.014 10.1155/2008/148658 10.3390/s16040570 10.3390/s150715067 10.1016/j.patcog.2004.05.014 10.1109/BCC.2006.4341628 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2018. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2018 by the authors. 2018 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2018. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2018 by the authors. 2018 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 3V. 7X7 7XB 88E 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH K9. M0S M1P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 5PM ADTOC UNPAY |
| DOI | 10.3390/s18020372 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) Unpaywall for CDI: Periodical Content Unpaywall |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: UNPAY name: Unpaywall url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://unpaywall.org/ sourceTypes: Open Access Repository – sequence: 3 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1424-8220 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10.3390/s18020372 PMC5855038 29382064 10_3390_s18020372 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- 123 2WC 53G 5VS 7X7 88E 8FE 8FG 8FI 8FJ AADQD AAHBH AAYXX ABDBF ABUWG ACUHS ADBBV ADMLS ADRAZ AENEX AFKRA AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BENPR BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CITATION CS3 D1I DU5 E3Z EBD ESX F5P FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HH5 HMCUK HYE IPNFZ KQ8 L6V M1P M48 MODMG M~E OK1 OVT P2P P62 PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PPXIY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO RIG RNS RPM TUS UKHRP XSB ~8M 3V. ABJCF ALIPV ARAPS HCIFZ KB. M7S NPM PDBOC 7XB 8FK AZQEC DWQXO K9. PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS 7X8 PUEGO 5PM ADTOC AFFHD IAO ITC UNPAY |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-62ae8f96d044278733acdaf862a1632bfd59ab921f762f31a460f28839bdf98d3 |
| IEDL.DBID | M48 |
| ISSN | 1424-8220 |
| IngestDate | Wed Oct 29 12:18:10 EDT 2025 Tue Sep 30 16:58:58 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 14:09:28 EDT 2025 Tue Oct 07 06:42:51 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:44:29 EST 2025 Thu Oct 16 04:42:03 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:55:56 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Keywords | electrocardiogram QRS pattern correlation ECG based biometrics person identification template matching PQRST pattern |
| Language | English |
| License | Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). cc-by |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c469t-62ae8f96d044278733acdaf862a1632bfd59ab921f762f31a460f28839bdf98d3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5385-2109 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.3390/s18020372 |
| PMID | 29382064 |
| PQID | 2110092394 |
| PQPubID | 2032333 |
| ParticipantIDs | unpaywall_primary_10_3390_s18020372 pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5855038 proquest_miscellaneous_1993008888 proquest_journals_2110092394 pubmed_primary_29382064 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18020372 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_s18020372 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20180127 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2018-01-27 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 1 year: 2018 text: 20180127 day: 27 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Sensors (Basel) |
| PublicationYear | 2018 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG MDPI |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG – name: MDPI |
| References | Poree (ref_21) 2009; 36 Vaseghi (ref_7) 2017; 11 Chen (ref_25) 2011; 6 Nawal (ref_8) 2014; 2 ref_14 Drahansky (ref_5) 2013; 2013 Pirbhulal (ref_11) 2015; 15 ref_13 ref_12 Fong (ref_2) 2013; 2013 Tantawi (ref_9) 2013; 40 ref_10 Jekova (ref_23) 2015; 2015 Israel (ref_18) 2005; 38 ref_19 Poree (ref_22) 2011; 38 Ju (ref_4) 2013; 2013 ref_17 Bigun (ref_15) 2004; 3 Wubbeler (ref_24) 2007; 28 Zokaee (ref_28) 2012; 2 Jekova (ref_30) 2016; 49 Lourenco (ref_27) 2011; 2011 ref_20 Krasteva (ref_29) 2017; 50 Arigbabu (ref_3) 2015; 68 Odinaka (ref_1) 2012; 7 Biel (ref_16) 2001; 50 ref_6 Wang (ref_26) 2008; 2008 27597390 - J Electrocardiol. 2016 Nov - Dec;49(6):784-789 27367687 - Sensors (Basel). 2016 Jun 28;16(7) 26131666 - Sensors (Basel). 2015 Jun 26;15(7):15067-89 24151601 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:427542 28230745 - Sensors (Basel). 2017 Feb 20;17 (2) 28916172 - J Electrocardiol. 2017 Nov - Dec;50(6):847-854 21837235 - Comput Intell Neurosci. 2011;2011:1-8 28956856 - Sensors (Basel). 2017 Sep 28;17 (10 ) 24288684 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:720834 24151584 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:197925 27110785 - Sensors (Basel). 2016 Apr 22;16(4) 26568954 - Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:135676 |
| References_xml | – volume: 7 start-page: 1812 year: 2012 ident: ref_1 article-title: ECG biometric recognition: A comparative analysis publication-title: IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2012.2215324 – volume: 2 start-page: 178 year: 2014 ident: ref_8 article-title: ECG Based Human Authentication: A Review publication-title: Int. J. Emerg. Eng. Res. Technol. – volume: 3 start-page: 50 year: 2004 ident: ref_15 article-title: Authentication gets personal with biometrics publication-title: IEEE Signal Process. Mag. – ident: ref_14 doi: 10.3390/s17102228 – volume: 50 start-page: 847 year: 2017 ident: ref_29 article-title: Biometric verification by cross-correlation analysis of 12-lead ECG patterns: Ranking of the most reliable peripheral and chest leads publication-title: J. Electrocardiol. doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.08.021 – ident: ref_20 doi: 10.1109/ISCCSP.2008.4537472 – volume: 6 start-page: 1765 year: 2011 ident: ref_25 article-title: Individual identification based on chaotic electrocardiogram signals publication-title: Conf. Ind. Electron. Appl. – volume: 49 start-page: 784 year: 2016 ident: ref_30 article-title: Intersubject variability and intrasubject reproducibility of 12-lead ECG metrics: Implications for human verification publication-title: J. Electrocardiol. doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.07.021 – volume: 50 start-page: 808 year: 2001 ident: ref_16 article-title: ECG analysis: A new approach in human identification publication-title: IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. doi: 10.1109/19.930458 – volume: 2013 start-page: 720834 year: 2013 ident: ref_2 article-title: Classifying human voices by using hybrid SFX time-series pre-processing and ensemble feature selection publication-title: Biomed. Res. Int. doi: 10.1155/2013/720834 – volume: 2013 start-page: 197925 year: 2013 ident: ref_5 article-title: New optical methods for liveness detection on fingers publication-title: Biomed. Res. Int. doi: 10.1155/2013/197925 – volume: 2 start-page: 261 year: 2012 ident: ref_28 article-title: Human identification based on electrocardiogram and palmprint publication-title: Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. – volume: 40 start-page: 17 year: 2013 ident: ref_9 article-title: Fiducial feature reduction analysis for electrocardiogram (ECG) based biometric recognition publication-title: J. Intell. Inf. Syst. doi: 10.1007/s10844-012-0214-7 – ident: ref_10 doi: 10.3390/s17020410 – volume: 2011 start-page: 720971 year: 2011 ident: ref_27 article-title: Unveiling the biometric potential of finger-based ECG signals publication-title: Comput. Intell. Neurosci. doi: 10.1155/2011/720971 – volume: 36 start-page: 285 year: 2009 ident: ref_21 article-title: Stability analysis of the 12-lead ECG morphology in different physiological conditions of interest for biometric applications publication-title: Comput. Cardiol. – volume: 2015 start-page: 135676 year: 2015 ident: ref_23 article-title: Personal verification/identification via analysis of the peripheral ECG leads. Influence of the personal health status on the accuracy publication-title: Biomed. Res. Int. doi: 10.1155/2015/135676 – ident: ref_6 doi: 10.3390/s16070996 – volume: 2013 start-page: 427542 year: 2013 ident: ref_4 article-title: A study on user authentication methodology using numeric password and fingerprint biometric information publication-title: Biomed. Res. Int. doi: 10.1155/2013/427542 – volume: 38 start-page: 761 year: 2011 ident: ref_22 article-title: Biometric identification of individuals based on the ECG. Which conditions? publication-title: Comput. Cardiol. – volume: 11 start-page: 251 year: 2017 ident: ref_7 article-title: GPS-based Analysis of Physical Activities Using Positioning and Heart Rate Cycling Data publication-title: Signal Image Video Process. doi: 10.1007/s11760-016-0928-z – volume: 68 start-page: 278 year: 2015 ident: ref_3 article-title: Integration of multiple soft biometrics for human identification publication-title: Pattern Recognit. Lett. doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2015.07.014 – ident: ref_13 doi: 10.1109/CIBIM.2014.7015440 – ident: ref_17 – volume: 28 start-page: 1172 year: 2007 ident: ref_24 article-title: Verification of humans using the electrocardiogram publication-title: Pattern Recognit. Lett. doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2007.01.014 – volume: 2008 start-page: 148658 year: 2008 ident: ref_26 article-title: Analysis of human electrocardiogram for biometric recognition publication-title: EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. doi: 10.1155/2008/148658 – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.3390/s16040570 – volume: 15 start-page: 15067 year: 2015 ident: ref_11 article-title: An efficient biometric-based algorithm using heart rate variability for securing body sensor networks publication-title: Sensors doi: 10.3390/s150715067 – volume: 38 start-page: 133 year: 2005 ident: ref_18 article-title: ECG to identify individuals publication-title: Pattern Recognit. doi: 10.1016/j.patcog.2004.05.014 – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.1109/BCC.2006.4341628 – reference: 28956856 - Sensors (Basel). 2017 Sep 28;17 (10 ): – reference: 24151601 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:427542 – reference: 27367687 - Sensors (Basel). 2016 Jun 28;16(7): – reference: 24151584 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:197925 – reference: 26568954 - Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:135676 – reference: 27597390 - J Electrocardiol. 2016 Nov - Dec;49(6):784-789 – reference: 21837235 - Comput Intell Neurosci. 2011;2011:1-8 – reference: 26131666 - Sensors (Basel). 2015 Jun 26;15(7):15067-89 – reference: 28916172 - J Electrocardiol. 2017 Nov - Dec;50(6):847-854 – reference: 27110785 - Sensors (Basel). 2016 Apr 22;16(4): – reference: 28230745 - Sensors (Basel). 2017 Feb 20;17 (2): – reference: 24288684 - Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:720834 |
| SSID | ssj0023338 |
| Score | 2.2907467 |
| Snippet | Human identification (ID) is a biometric task, comparing single input sample to many stored templates to identify an individual in a reference database. This... |
| SourceID | unpaywall pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 372 |
| SubjectTerms | Identification |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: ProQuest Central dbid: BENPR link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LbxMxEB6V9AAcEO8GCjKPAxerm7X3ValCEFICUqMIqNTbyt6xRaVoE8hGqPwGfjQz-6JRgT2t5MdaO-PxjD3-PoCXvtAKI42yCBRKUopUptqhdDGtHj7AMHV8OflkFk9P9cez6GwHZt1dGE6r7GxibahxWfAe-QEHKkHGRN6vV98ks0bx6WpHoWFaagU8qiHGrsFuyMhYA9h9O5nNP_UhmKKIrMEXUhTsH6wZ_yxQSbi9Kl1xNa9mTF7flCtz8cMsFpeWo-PbcKv1I8WbRvB3YMeVd-HmJXTBe_Cr3qAXzVVc3-7NCXshxjwGOWZejiYTTpgSxbxG2izFCRln3pYSSy_mnav-06GY0qSoLNnuQ_GhozbhSpPxe8FMneu6mx65VrwzleFFUnym5vfh9HjyZTyVLfmCLChirmQcGpf6LMZAMxtHopQp0HgKgAy5cKH1GGXGZuHIkzn1amR0HHimLs4s-ixF9QAG5bJ0eyBGmUmjxFo-FdaW3hCj0CYpFqgxQj2EV93Pz4sWmZwJMhY5RSgsp7yX0xCe91VXDRzH3yrtdxLM2xm5zv_ozxCe9cU0l_iAxJRuuVnnnMxIPhE9Q3jYCLz_CrlFDHVPrZMtVegrME73dkl5_rXG644YNE5Rny96pfn34B_9f_CP4Qa5bJx_KMNkHwbV9417Qm5RZZ-2uv4bt6oPmw priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest – databaseName: Unpaywall dbid: UNPAY link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELZgewAOLa_SpQWZx4GLm6ydJxdULS0LUquVYKVyiuxMLCpW2VWTLWp_Az-amcSJuhQkRE6RPHYcZez5ZjL-hrHXNg8UhAGI3FcgUCkSkQQFiCJC62F9kElBh5OPT6LJLPh0Gp66gFvl0irRFT9rNmk6hSXQgvneKPGkp2LpLcG-u3CRJDRWMdGdpOo224hCxOIDtjE7mR58bY4Uub4tnZBC396riO7MV7FcN0I3kOXNBMk7q3KpL3_o-fya9TnaYlk37zbp5Pv-qjb7-dVvlI7__2L32aYDpvyg1aQH7FZRPmT3rtEVPmI_m4g_b8_2Whfs4-aSj-ktxZgKfbSpdVyXwKcNdWfJj3G3pzgXX1g-7bD_VQF8gqusNmgM3vKPXa0UEjocf-BU-rNqhumpcPl7XWuyuvwzdn_MZkeHX8YT4ao5iBxd8FpEUheJTSPwAyrvESulc9AWPSqNmFAaC2GqTSpHFvdnq0Y6iHxLtZBTAzZNQG2zQbkoix3GR6lOwtgY-s0cGLwDCKWJE8ghgBCCIXvTfd4sd1TnVHFjnqHLQ5qQ9ZowZC970WXL7_Enob1ORzK3xKuMPGc_pcryQ_aib8bFSX9cdFksVlVG2ZEIsvAasietSvVPQZxF3PnYO15Ttl6AiL_XW8qzbw0BeEgsdArHfNWr5d8n__SfpHbZXYSClNcoZLzHBvX5qniGcKs2z92a-gWPmCZs priority: 102 providerName: Unpaywall |
| Title | Human Identification by Cross-Correlation and Pattern Matching of Personalized Heartbeat: Influence of ECG Leads and Reference Database Size |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29382064 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2110092394 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993008888 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5855038 https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/372/pdf?version=1517048193 |
| UnpaywallVersion | publishedVersion |
| Volume | 18 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVFSB databaseName: Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry (Selected full-text) customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: HH5 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://abc-chemistry.org/ providerName: ABC ChemistRy – providerCode: PRVAFT databaseName: Open Access Digital Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: KQ8 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries – providerCode: PRVAFT databaseName: Open Access Digital Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: KQ8 dateStart: 20030101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://grweb.coalliance.org/oadl/oadl.html providerName: Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ (selected full-text) customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVEBS databaseName: EBSCOhost Academic Search Ultimate customDbUrl: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?authtype=ip,shib&custid=s3936755&profile=ehost&defaultdb=asn eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: ABDBF dateStart: 20081201 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?db=asn providerName: EBSCOhost – providerCode: PRVEBS databaseName: Inspec with Full Text customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: ADMLS dateStart: 20081201 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/inspec-full-text providerName: EBSCOhost – providerCode: PRVFQY databaseName: GFMER Free Medical Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: GX1 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_journals/Free_medical.php providerName: Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research – providerCode: PRVFQY databaseName: GFMER Free Medical Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: GX1 dateStart: 0 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_journals/Free_medical.php providerName: Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (selected full-text only) customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVAQN databaseName: PubMed Central (Selected Fulltext) customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: RPM dateStart: 20030101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ providerName: National Library of Medicine – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Technology Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: 8FG dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1 providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVFZP databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access customDbUrl: eissn: 1424-8220 dateEnd: 20250930 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0023338 issn: 1424-8220 databaseCode: M48 dateStart: 20030101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://journals.scholarsportal.info providerName: Scholars Portal |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Zj9MwEB7t8QA8IG4KS2UOIV4MaexcSAgtpd2C1KoCKnWfIju2BVKVdrepoPwGfjQzubTVLuQhimLHseyxZ8Yefx_AC5dJYQJpeOYJw1EoYh5La7gNUXs4z_ixpcPJ40k4msnP82C-B01Yc92A6ytdO-KTmp0vXv86277HAf-OPE502d-sCcXME5H_cnXGiU-K9l1rco19OESdlRCpw1i2-wu-QM-swhnaLWFXO10yOS9HTl7b5Cu1_akWiwtqaXgLbtb2JDuuBOA27Nn8Dty4gDJ4F_6UC_WsOpLr6jU6presT3XgfeLnqCLimMoNm5aImzkb4yRNy1Ns6di0Mdl_W8NGODgKjXP4W_apoTihTIP-CSPGznVZTItgyz6qQpGyZF_x83swGw6-9Ue8JmHgGXrOBQ99ZWOXhMaTxMoRCaEyoxw6QgpNOV87EyRKJ37P4bTqRE_J0HNEYZxo45LYiPtwkC9z-xBYL1FxEGlNu8NS45Mxga-j2GRGmsDIDrxqGj_NaoRyIspYpOipUD-lbT914FmbdVXBclyV6ajpwbQRrJQcXi8hQvgOPG2TcUzRRonK7XKzTimoEW0jvDrwoOrw9i9oHhHkPX4d7YhCm4HwundT8h_fS9zugMDjBJb5vBWaf1f-0f8r_xiuo-lGcYjcj47goDjf2CdoHhW6C_vRPMJ7PDzpwuGHwWT6pVsuNXTLMYDvZpPp8elfUeEYFg |
| linkProvider | Scholars Portal |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB6VcigcEG8WCpiXxMVqNnZeSAihbcsu7VaVaKW9pXZsi0qr7JZkVS2_gd_Cb2Qmr3ZV4NacIsVxrMx4Hvb4-wDeukwKE0jDM08YjkoR81haw22I3sN5xo8tHU4eH4TDY_l1EkzW4Hd7FobKKlubWBlqM8tojXyLEhUvISLvT_MzTqxRtLvaUmjUarFnl-eYshUfR9so33e-v7tzNBjyhlWAZ5gKljz0lY1dEhpPEs1EJITKjHIY2SuMTXztTJAonfh9h3bCib6SoeeIkzfRxiWxEdjvDbgpBdoSnD_R5CLBE5jv1ehFQiTeVkHoap6I_FWfdyWQvVqPubHI52p5rqbTS85u9y7caaJU9rlWq3uwZvP7cPsSduED-FUt_7P6oK9rVv6YXrIBjYEPiPWjrrNjKjfssMLxzNkYTT8terGZY4dtIvDTGjbEf1tq9Awf2KglTqFGO4MvjHhAi6qbDheXbatSkQtm3_D1h3B8LUJ4BOv5LLdPgPUTFQeR1rTnLDXeGRP4OopNZqQJjOzB-_bnp1mDe070G9MU8x-SU9rJqQevu6bzGuzjb402WwmmzXwv0gvt7MGr7jHOVNp-UbmdLYqUSiUx4sKrB49rgXdfwaCLgPTx7WhFFboGhAK--iQ__V6hgQcESSewzzed0vx78E__P_iXsDE8Gu-n-6ODvWdwC4NDqnTkfrQJ6-WPhX2OAVipX1Raz-DkuqfZH-DBRYY |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1ZbxMxEB6VInE8IG4CBcwl9cXKZu9FQgglDQmlVSSolLfF3rHVStEmkI2q8Bv4Rfw6ZvZqowJv3aeVfKy1M_bM2OPvA3htM9_DwEeZOR5KUopYxr5BaUKyHtZBNzZ8OfngMBwd-Z-mwXQLfjd3YTitslkTy4Ua5xnvkXc5UHESJvLu2jotYjIYvl98l8wgxSetDZ1GpSL7Zn1K4dvy3XhAsn7jusO9r_2RrBkGZEZhYSFDV5nYJiE6PlNORJ6nMlSWvHxFfoqrLQaJ0onbs7RmWK-n_NCxzM-baLRJjB71ewWuUruE0wmj6Vmw51HsVyEZUaHTXTLSmuNF7qb9u-DUXszNvL7KF2p9qmazc4ZveBtu1R6r-FCp2B3YMvlduHkOx_Ae_CqPAkR16dfWu4BCr0WfxyD7zABS5dwJlaOYlJieuTggM8AbYGJuxaQJCn4aFCP6t4UmK_FWjBsSFa601_8omBN0WXbTYuSKgSoUm2PxhZrfh6NLEcID2M7nuXkEopeoOIi05vNnX9MbYuDqKMYMfQzQ78Bu8_PTrMZAZyqOWUqxEMspbeXUgZdt1UUF_PG3SjuNBNN67i_TM03twIu2mGYtH8Wo3MxXy5TTJsn7oqcDDyuBt18hB4xB9al1tKEKbQVGBN8syU-OS2TwgOHpPOrzVas0_x784_8P_jlcowmWfh4f7j-BG-QnctKjdKMd2C5-rMxT8sUK_axUegHfLnuW_QEE_0nJ |
| linkToUnpaywall | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELZgewAOLa_SpQWZx4GLm6ydJxdULS0LUquVYKVyiuxMLCpW2VWTLWp_Az-amcSJuhQkRE6RPHYcZez5ZjL-hrHXNg8UhAGI3FcgUCkSkQQFiCJC62F9kElBh5OPT6LJLPh0Gp66gFvl0irRFT9rNmk6hSXQgvneKPGkp2LpLcG-u3CRJDRWMdGdpOo224hCxOIDtjE7mR58bY4Uub4tnZBC396riO7MV7FcN0I3kOXNBMk7q3KpL3_o-fya9TnaYlk37zbp5Pv-qjb7-dVvlI7__2L32aYDpvyg1aQH7FZRPmT3rtEVPmI_m4g_b8_2Whfs4-aSj-ktxZgKfbSpdVyXwKcNdWfJj3G3pzgXX1g-7bD_VQF8gqusNmgM3vKPXa0UEjocf-BU-rNqhumpcPl7XWuyuvwzdn_MZkeHX8YT4ao5iBxd8FpEUheJTSPwAyrvESulc9AWPSqNmFAaC2GqTSpHFvdnq0Y6iHxLtZBTAzZNQG2zQbkoix3GR6lOwtgY-s0cGLwDCKWJE8ghgBCCIXvTfd4sd1TnVHFjnqHLQ5qQ9ZowZC970WXL7_Enob1ORzK3xKuMPGc_pcryQ_aib8bFSX9cdFksVlVG2ZEIsvAasietSvVPQZxF3PnYO15Ttl6AiL_XW8qzbw0BeEgsdArHfNWr5d8n__SfpHbZXYSClNcoZLzHBvX5qniGcKs2z92a-gWPmCZs |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Human+Identification+by+Cross-Correlation+and+Pattern+Matching+of+Personalized+Heartbeat%3A+Influence+of+ECG+Leads+and+Reference+Database+Size&rft.jtitle=Sensors+%28Basel%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.au=Jekova%2C+Irena&rft.au=Krasteva%2C+Vessela&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Ramun&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1424-8220&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=372&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fs18020372&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1424-8220&client=summon |