COVID-19 Vaccination Among Diverse Population Groups in the Northern Governorates of Iraq
Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governor...
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| Published in | International journal of public health Vol. 68; p. 1605736 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
28.11.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1661-8564 1661-8556 1661-8564 |
| DOI | 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605736 |
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| Abstract | Objectives:
The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors.
Methods:
Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April–May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants.
Results:
4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19–45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses.
Conclusion:
Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. |
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| AbstractList | The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors.
Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April-May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants.
4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19-45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses.
Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April-May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants. Results: 4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19-45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses. Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications.Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April-May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants. Results: 4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19-45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses. Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors.Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April–May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants.Results: 4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19–45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses.Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April–May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants. Results: 4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19–45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses. Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host communities in northern Iraq and the related underlying factors. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study conducted in five governorates in April–May 2022, 4,564 individuals were surveyed. Data were collected through an adapted questionnaire designed to gather data on participants. Results: 4,564 subjects were included (59.55% were 19–45 years old; 54.51% male). 50.48% of the participants (51.49% of host communities, 48.83% of IDPs, and 45.87% of refugees) had been vaccinated with at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. 40.84% of participants (42.28% of host communities, 35.75% of IDPs, and 36.14% of refugees) had been vaccinated by two doses, and 1.56% (1.65% of host communities, 0.93% of IDPs, and 1.46% of refugees) were vaccinated with three doses. Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, education, occupation, and nationality could affect vaccination coverage. Moreover, higher acceptance rate of vaccination is associated with belief in vaccine safety and effectiveness and trust in the ability of the vaccine to prevent complications. |
| Author | Ezzat Khadium, Waleed Omer, Dashne Shamall Ahmed, Shwan Kanabi Mohammed, Kardar Anwar Jaff, Dina Dlshad Hipgrave, David Wadi, Falah Mohammed, Hayman Hasan Khudhur, Waleed Hamid Rasool, Banaz Nabi Ali, Trifa Bhjat Ali, Sazan Raouf Mohammed, Tango Dhahir Bra, Aram Mohammed Wale, Karzan Rafiq Hama Amin, Nazanin Hama Al Saadi, Najeeb Mohammed Sheat, Yousra Saadi Mohammad, Mohammad Yousif Mustafa, Kashma Ali Nabeil Salah, Marwa Saeed, Shireen Salih Jaafer, Sara Feal Fatah, Fatah H. Jamal, Fatimah Khalis Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Wael Saleh, Mohammed Hama-Ghareeb, Khalid Anwar Abdullah, Abdulmonem Hazim Faraj, Aryan Othman Aziz Enayat, Kamal Hosseini, Mostafa Ibrahim, Khaldoon Khaleel Wahab, Ronak Assi Ali Al-Jaf, Ibrahim Ahmed Ghafur, Rafeeq Naseraldeen Azeez, Maryam Arab Mahmood, Shaho Osman |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS) , Tehran , Iran 2 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) , Baghdad , Iraq 5 Directorate of Preventive Health Department , General Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq 1 Department of Family and Community Medicine , University of Sulaimani , Sulaimani , Iraq 8 Surgical Teaching Hospital , Sulaimani , Iraq 9 Public Health Department , Kirkuk Health Directorate , Kirkuk , Iraq 10 Expanded Program on Immunization Section—Mother and Child Healthcare Department , Directorate of Preventive Health Affairs , Duhok , Iraq 7 Department of Planning , Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq 12 Ministry of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq 11 Public Health Department , Ninawa Directorate of Health , Mosul , Iraq 3 Research Department , General Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq 6 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) , Iraq Country Office , |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 11 Public Health Department , Ninawa Directorate of Health , Mosul , Iraq – name: 5 Directorate of Preventive Health Department , General Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 6 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) , Iraq Country Office , Baghdad , Iraq – name: 12 Ministry of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 10 Expanded Program on Immunization Section—Mother and Child Healthcare Department , Directorate of Preventive Health Affairs , Duhok , Iraq – name: 2 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) , Baghdad , Iraq – name: 1 Department of Family and Community Medicine , University of Sulaimani , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 3 Research Department , General Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 13 Erbil General Directorate of Health , Erbil , Iraq – name: 8 Surgical Teaching Hospital , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 7 Department of Planning , Directorate of Health , Sulaimani , Iraq – name: 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS) , Tehran , Iran – name: 9 Public Health Department , Kirkuk Health Directorate , Kirkuk , Iraq |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2023 Gubari, Wadi, Hama-Ghareeb, Fatah, Hosseini, Wale, Hipgrave, Ali, Mahmood, Ezzat Khadium, Mohammed, Jaafer, Al Saadi, Mohammed, Saeed, Mohammad, Khudhur, Wael Saleh, Sheat, Ibrahim, Nabeil Salah, Abdullah, Omer, Ghafur, Mustafa, Faraj, Ali, Aziz Enayat, Wahab, Ali Al-Jaf, Hama Amin, Jaff, Bra, Ahmed, Rasool, Jamal, Mohammed and Azeez. Copyright © 2023 Gubari, Wadi, Hama-Ghareeb, Fatah, Hosseini, Wale, Hipgrave, Ali, Mahmood, Ezzat Khadium, Mohammed, Jaafer, Al Saadi, Mohammed, Saeed, Mohammad, Khudhur, Wael Saleh, Sheat, Ibrahim, Nabeil Salah, Abdullah, Omer, Ghafur, Mustafa, Faraj, Ali, Aziz Enayat, Wahab, Ali Al-Jaf, Hama Amin, Jaff, Bra, Ahmed, Rasool, Jamal, Mohammed and Azeez. 2023 Gubari, Wadi, Hama-Ghareeb, Fatah, Hosseini, Wale, Hipgrave, Ali, Mahmood, Ezzat Khadium, Mohammed, Jaafer, Al Saadi, Mohammed, Saeed, Mohammad, Khudhur, Wael Saleh, Sheat, Ibrahim, Nabeil Salah, Abdullah, Omer, Ghafur, Mustafa, Faraj, Ali, Aziz Enayat, Wahab, Ali Al-Jaf, Hama Amin, Jaff, Bra, Ahmed, Rasool, Jamal, Mohammed and Azeez |
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| Keywords | sociodemographic factors vaccine hesitancy COVID-19 vaccine coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination acceptance |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2023 Gubari, Wadi, Hama-Ghareeb, Fatah, Hosseini, Wale, Hipgrave, Ali, Mahmood, Ezzat Khadium, Mohammed, Jaafer, Al Saadi, Mohammed, Saeed, Mohammad, Khudhur, Wael Saleh, Sheat, Ibrahim, Nabeil Salah, Abdullah, Omer, Ghafur, Mustafa, Faraj, Ali, Aziz Enayat, Wahab, Ali Al-Jaf, Hama Amin, Jaff, Bra, Ahmed, Rasool, Jamal, Mohammed and Azeez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. cc-by |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by: Jean Tenena Coulibaly, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Côte d’Ivoire One reviewer who chose to remain anonymous Reviewed by: Atta Rehman, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Pakistan This Original Article is part of the IJPH Special Issue “Neglected Tropical Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic” Zaher Ahmad Nazzal, An-Najah National University, Palestine |
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| PublicationTitle | International journal of public health |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Int J Public Health |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Frontiers Media S.A |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Frontiers Media S.A |
| References | Salali (B31) 2021; 52 Sherman (B9) 2022; 202 Zheng (B6) 2022; 114 Gallè (B10) 2021; 9 Taye (B23) 2021; 12 Qin (B21) 2022; 10 (B1) 2020 Solís Arce (B12) 2021; 27 Al-Khafaji (B2) 2022; 77 Lafta (B3) 2022; 69 Mose (B22) 2021; 14 Tahir (B15) 2022; 16 Batteux (B27) 2022; 10 Alatrany (B18) 2023; 18 Abdulah (B19) 2021; 93 Hajissa (B26) 2023; 11 Uctu (B17) 2021; 17 Campos-Mercade (B28) 2021; 374 Bayou (B11) 2022; 16 Lami (B5) 2021; 43 Greenwood (B16) 2014; 369 (B7) 2023 (B13) 2022 Pennings (B32) 2021; 47 Guidry (B20) 2021; 49 Mubarak (B24) 2022; 11 Troiano (B8) 2021; 194 Nichol (B25) 2022; 67 Volpp (B29) 2021; 385 Chang (B30) 2021 (B4) 2022 Henderson (B14) 1982; 60 |
| References_xml | – volume: 93 start-page: 6722 year: 2021 ident: B19 article-title: Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the General Public in Iraqi Kurdistan: A Cross-Sectional Study publication-title: J Med Virol doi: 10.1002/jmv.27255 – volume: 194 start-page: 245 year: 2021 ident: B8 article-title: Vaccine Hesitancy in the Era of COVID-19 publication-title: Public Health doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025 – volume: 369 start-page: 20130433 year: 2014 ident: B16 article-title: The Contribution of Vaccination to Global Health: Past, Present and Future publication-title: Phil Trans R Soc Lond Ser B, Biol Sci doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0433 – volume: 14 start-page: 4249 year: 2021 ident: B22 article-title: Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccine and Its Determinant Factors Among Lactating Mothers in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study publication-title: Infect Drug Resist doi: 10.2147/IDR.S336486 – volume: 11 start-page: 1070 year: 2023 ident: B26 article-title: COVID-19 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Immunity—Strategies for Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake publication-title: New Engl J Med doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2107719 – volume: 67 start-page: 1605508 year: 2022 ident: B25 article-title: Rapid Review of COVID-19 Vaccination Access and Acceptance for Global Refugee, Asylum Seeker and Undocumented Migrant Populations publication-title: Int J Public Health doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1605508 – volume: 77 start-page: 111 year: 2022 ident: B2 article-title: Epidemiological and Clinical Comparative Study for COVID-19 Patients in Babylon Province, Iraq publication-title: Arch Razi Inst doi: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356550.1869 – volume: 114 start-page: 252 year: 2022 ident: B6 article-title: Real-World Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis publication-title: Int J Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.009 – volume: 47 start-page: 709 year: 2021 ident: B32 article-title: Persuasion, Not Coercion or Incentivisation, Is the Best Means of Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination 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publication-title: Psychol Med doi: 10.1017/S0033291720004067 – volume-title: Iraq: Health Cluster Bulletin No 5 year: 2022 ident: B13 – volume-title: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Dat year: 2023 ident: B7 – volume: 60 start-page: 253 year: 1982 ident: B14 article-title: Cluster Sampling to Assess Immunization Coverage: A Review of Experience With a Simplified Sampling Method publication-title: Bull World Health Organ – volume: 18 start-page: e0282523 year: 2023 ident: B18 article-title: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Vaccine Hesitancy in Iraq publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282523 – volume: 16 start-page: 10 year: 2022 ident: B15 article-title: COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy and Refusal Among Iraqi Kurdish Population publication-title: Int J Health Sci (Qassim) – volume: 12 start-page: 100848 year: 2021 ident: B23 article-title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Acceptance and Perceived Barriers Among university Students in Northeast Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study publication-title: Clin Epidemiol Glob Health doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100848 – volume: 9 start-page: 1222 year: 2021 ident: B10 article-title: Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination in the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy publication-title: Vaccines doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111222 – volume: 202 start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: B9 article-title: COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptability in the UK at the Start of the Vaccination Programme: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey (CoVAccS–Wave 2) publication-title: Public health doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.008 – volume: 16 start-page: 1093 year: 2022 ident: B11 article-title: Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine and Its Associated Factors Among Ethiopian Population: A Systematic Review publication-title: Patient preference and adherence doi: 10.2147/PPA.S360174 |
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The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees,... The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and host... Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate COVID-19 vaccination coverage among populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 vaccine COVID-19 Vaccines Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Iraq - epidemiology Male Middle Aged Population Groups Public Health Archive sociodemographic factors Vaccination vaccination acceptance vaccine hesitancy Young Adult |
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| Title | COVID-19 Vaccination Among Diverse Population Groups in the Northern Governorates of Iraq |
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