Routine Chest X-Rays Are Inaccurate in Detecting Relevant Intrapulmonary Anomalies During Medical Assessments of Fitness to Dive

• Published in: Frontiers in physiology Vol. 11; p. 613398
• Main Authors: Wingelaar, Thijs T., Bakker, Leonie, Nap, Frank J., van Ooij, Pieter-Jan A. M., Endert, Edwin L., van Hulst, Rob A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 06.01.2021
• Subjects: blebs; bullae; choosing wisely; CXR; fitness to dive; HRCT; Physiology; choosing wisely; fitness to dive; preventive medicine; bullae; HRCT; blebs; CXR; occupational medicine
• ISSN: 1664-042X; 1664-042X
• DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.613398

Introduction: Intrapulmonary pathology, such as bullae or blebs, can cause pulmonary barotrauma when diving. Many diving courses require chest X-rays (CXR) or high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) to exclude asymptomatic healthy individuals with these lesions. The ability of routine CXRs and HRCT to assess fitness to dive has never been evaluated. Methods: Military divers who underwent yearly medical assessments at the Royal Netherlands Navy Diving Medical Center, including CXR at initial assessment, and who received a HRCT between January and June 2018, were included. The correlations of CXR and HRCT results with fitness to dive assessments were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests. Results: This study included 101 military divers. CXR identified bullae or blebs in seven divers, but HRCT found that these anomalies were not present in three subjects and were something else in four. CXR showed no anomalies in 94 subjects, but HRCT identified coincidental findings in 23 and bullae or blebs in seven. The differences between CXR and HRCT results were statistically significant ( p = 0.023). Of the 34 subjects with anomalies on HRCT, 18 (53%) were disqualified for diving. Discussion: Routine CXR in asymptomatic military divers does not contribute to the identification of relevant pathology in fitness to dive assessments and has a high false negative rate (32%). HRCT is more diagnostic than CXR but yields unclear results, leading to disqualification for diving. Fitness to dive tests should exclude routine CXR; rather, HRCT should be performed only in subjects with clinical indications.