Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of auto...

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Published inFrontiers in immunology Vol. 12; p. 790962
Main Authors Yang, Jiawei, Liu, Xueyan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 16.12.2021
Subjects
Animals
Autoimmune Diseases - immunology
Autoimmune Diseases - therapy
autoimmune encephalitis
Clinical Trials as Topic
Disease Models, Animal
Drug Resistance
Humans
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - pharmacology
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - therapeutic use
Immunologic Factors - pharmacology
Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use
Immunology
Immunotherapy - methods
Limbic Encephalitis - immunology
Limbic Encephalitis - therapy
neuroimmunology
Plasma Exchange
refractory
rituximab
Rituximab - pharmacology
Rituximab - therapeutic use
third-line therapy
Treatment Outcome
autoimmune encephalitis
third-line therapy
refractory
neuroimmunology
rituximab
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI10.3389/fimmu.2021.790962

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Abstract Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE
AbstractList Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE.Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE.
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent of autoantibody-associated diseases, AE has become a hot research frontier in neuroimmunology. The first-line conventional treatments of autoimmune encephalitis consist of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and second-line therapy includes rituximab. Despite considerable research and expanding clinical experience, current treatments are still ineffective for a significant number of patients. Although there is no clear consensus, clinical trial evidence limited, and the level of evidence for some of the drugs based on single reports, third-line therapy is a viable alternative for refractory encephalitis patients. With the current rapid research progress, a breakthrough in the treatment of AE is critical. This article aims to review the third-line therapy for refractory AE.
Author Yang, Jiawei
Liu, Xueyan
AuthorAffiliation Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
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  fullname: Yang, Jiawei
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Keywords autoimmune encephalitis
third-line therapy
refractory
neuroimmunology
rituximab
Language English
License Copyright © 2021 Yang and Liu.
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This article was submitted to Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
Edited by: Nancy Agmon-Levin, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
Reviewed by: Sudarshini Ramanathan, The University of Sydney, Australia; Tadashi Ariga, Hokkaido University, Japan; Niels Hansen, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
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Snippet Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated disease involving the central nervous system, usually caused by antigen-antibody reactions. With the advent...
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pubmed
crossref
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StartPage 790962
SubjectTerms Animals
Autoimmune Diseases - immunology
Autoimmune Diseases - therapy
autoimmune encephalitis
Clinical Trials as Topic
Disease Models, Animal
Drug Resistance
Humans
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - pharmacology
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - therapeutic use
Immunologic Factors - pharmacology
Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use
Immunology
Immunotherapy - methods
Limbic Encephalitis - immunology
Limbic Encephalitis - therapy
neuroimmunology
Plasma Exchange
refractory
rituximab
Rituximab - pharmacology
Rituximab - therapeutic use
third-line therapy
Treatment Outcome
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Title Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34975890
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2616281756
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8716621
https://doaj.org/article/aff9ce3bb34444d9ba782907bb3a9806
Volume 12
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