The roles of metal co-catalysts and reaction media in photocatalytic hydrogen production: Performance evaluation of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) in different alcohol–water mixtures

[Display omitted] •Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol–water mixtures under UV.•H2 production rates decrease in the order Pd/TiO2>Pt/TiO2≈Au/TiO2≫P25 TiO2.•Metal particle size does not impact H2 production rates in the size range 1–5nm.•Rates follow the order triols>diols&...

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Published in	Journal of catalysis Vol. 329; pp. 355 - 367
Main Authors	Al-Azri, Zakiya H.N., Chen, Wan-Ting, Chan, Andrew, Jovic, Vedran, Ina, Toshiaki, Idriss, Hicham, Waterhouse, Geoffrey I.N.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	San Diego Elsevier Inc 01.09.2015 Elsevier BV
Subjects	Alcohols Catalysts Co-catalyst ethanol glycerol gold Hydrogen Hydrogen production isopropyl alcohol methanol nanoparticles Oxidation palladium Photocatalysis photocatalysts photoluminescence platinum Polarity TiO2 titanium dioxide transmission electron microscopy ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Polarity Co-catalyst Photocatalysis Hydrogen production TiO2 Alcohols
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0021-9517 1090-2694
DOI	10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.005

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Abstract	[Display omitted] •Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol–water mixtures under UV.•H2 production rates decrease in the order Pd/TiO2>Pt/TiO2≈Au/TiO2≫P25 TiO2.•Metal particle size does not impact H2 production rates in the size range 1–5nm.•Rates follow the order triols>diols>1° alcohols>2° alcohols>3° alcohols.•Rates correlate with alcohol polarity and alcohol standard oxidation potential. M/TiO2 photocatalyst activity for H2 production depends on both the metal co-catalyst (M) and the reaction medium. To quantify such effects, we compared the performance of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) for H2 production in different alcohol–water mixtures under UV excitation. Photocatalysts were prepared using Degussa P25 TiO2 at metal loadings of 0.5 and 1wt.% for Pd, 1wt.% for Pt and 1wt.% for Au. TEM, UV–Vis, XPS and EXAFS analyses confirmed the presence of supported metal nanoparticles of size ∼2, 1.3 and 5.4nm for Pd/TiO2, Pt/TiO2 and Au/TiO2, respectively. Photoluminescence data established that the metal co-catalysts effectively suppressed electron–hole pair recombination in TiO2 following photo-excitation. The activities of the M/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production were evaluated in a wide range of alcohol–water mixtures (alcohol concentration 10vol.%) under UV (365nm, 5mWcm−2). H2 production rates in the alcohol–water mixtures were dependent on (i) the metal co-catalyst; (ii) the co-catalyst loading; and (iii) the alcohol type. Co-catalyst activity followed the order Pd>Pt≈Au. The highest H2 production rates were achieved for the 1wt.% Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst in glycerol–water mixtures (47.5mmolg−1h−1) and 1,2-ethanediol–water mixtures (44.5mmolg−1h−1). H2 production rates decreased in the order glycerol>1,2-ethanediol>1,2-propanediol>methanol>ethanol>2-propanol>tert-butanol≫water. For each M/TiO2 photocatalyst, correlations were established between the rate of H2 production and specific alcohol properties, especially alcohol polarity and the exponential of the alcohol oxidation potential.
AbstractList	Display Omitted * Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol-water mixtures under UV. * H2 production rates decrease in the order Pd/TiO2 >Pt/TiO2 [approximate]Au/TiO2 >>P25 TiO2. * Metal particle size does not impact H2 production rates in the size range 1-5nm. * Rates follow the order triols>diols>1° alcohols>2° alcohols>3° alcohols. * Rates correlate with alcohol polarity and alcohol standard oxidation potential. M/TiO2 photocatalyst activity for H2 production depends on both the metal co-catalyst (M) and the reaction medium. To quantify such effects, we compared the performance of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) for H2 production in different alcohol-water mixtures under UV excitation. Photocatalysts were prepared using Degussa P25 TiO2 at metal loadings of 0.5 and 1wt.% for Pd, 1wt.% for Pt and 1wt.% for Au. TEM, UV-Vis, XPS and EXAFS analyses confirmed the presence of supported metal nanoparticles of size ∼2, 1.3 and 5.4nm for Pd/TiO2, Pt/TiO2 and Au/TiO2, respectively. Photoluminescence data established that the metal co-catalysts effectively suppressed electron-hole pair recombination in TiO2 following photo-excitation. The activities of the M/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production were evaluated in a wide range of alcohol-water mixtures (alcohol concentration 10vol.%) under UV (365nm, 5mWcm -2 ). H2 production rates in the alcohol-water mixtures were dependent on (i) the metal co-catalyst; (ii) the co-catalyst loading; and (iii) the alcohol type. Co-catalyst activity followed the order Pd>Pt[approximate]Au. The highest H2 production rates were achieved for the 1wt.% Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst in glycerol-water mixtures (47.5mmolg -1 h-1 ) and 1,2-ethanediol-water mixtures (44.5mmolg-1 h-1 ). H2 production rates decreased in the order glycerol>1,2-ethanediol>1,2-propanediol>methanol>ethanol>2-propanol>tert-butanol>>water. For each M/TiO2 photocatalyst, correlations were established between the rate of H2 production and specific alcohol properties, especially alcohol polarity and the exponential of the alcohol oxidation potential. [Display omitted] •Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol–water mixtures under UV.•H2 production rates decrease in the order Pd/TiO2>Pt/TiO2≈Au/TiO2≫P25 TiO2.•Metal particle size does not impact H2 production rates in the size range 1–5nm.•Rates follow the order triols>diols>1° alcohols>2° alcohols>3° alcohols.•Rates correlate with alcohol polarity and alcohol standard oxidation potential. M/TiO2 photocatalyst activity for H2 production depends on both the metal co-catalyst (M) and the reaction medium. To quantify such effects, we compared the performance of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) for H2 production in different alcohol–water mixtures under UV excitation. Photocatalysts were prepared using Degussa P25 TiO2 at metal loadings of 0.5 and 1wt.% for Pd, 1wt.% for Pt and 1wt.% for Au. TEM, UV–Vis, XPS and EXAFS analyses confirmed the presence of supported metal nanoparticles of size ∼2, 1.3 and 5.4nm for Pd/TiO2, Pt/TiO2 and Au/TiO2, respectively. Photoluminescence data established that the metal co-catalysts effectively suppressed electron–hole pair recombination in TiO2 following photo-excitation. The activities of the M/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production were evaluated in a wide range of alcohol–water mixtures (alcohol concentration 10vol.%) under UV (365nm, 5mWcm−2). H2 production rates in the alcohol–water mixtures were dependent on (i) the metal co-catalyst; (ii) the co-catalyst loading; and (iii) the alcohol type. Co-catalyst activity followed the order Pd>Pt≈Au. The highest H2 production rates were achieved for the 1wt.% Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst in glycerol–water mixtures (47.5mmolg−1h−1) and 1,2-ethanediol–water mixtures (44.5mmolg−1h−1). H2 production rates decreased in the order glycerol>1,2-ethanediol>1,2-propanediol>methanol>ethanol>2-propanol>tert-butanol≫water. For each M/TiO2 photocatalyst, correlations were established between the rate of H2 production and specific alcohol properties, especially alcohol polarity and the exponential of the alcohol oxidation potential. M/TiO2 photocatalyst activity for H2 production depends on both the metal co-catalyst (M) and the reaction medium. To quantify such effects, we compared the performance of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) for H2 production in different alcohol–water mixtures under UV excitation. Photocatalysts were prepared using Degussa P25 TiO2 at metal loadings of 0.5 and 1wt.% for Pd, 1wt.% for Pt and 1wt.% for Au. TEM, UV–Vis, XPS and EXAFS analyses confirmed the presence of supported metal nanoparticles of size ∼2, 1.3 and 5.4nm for Pd/TiO2, Pt/TiO2 and Au/TiO2, respectively. Photoluminescence data established that the metal co-catalysts effectively suppressed electron–hole pair recombination in TiO2 following photo-excitation. The activities of the M/TiO2 photocatalysts for H2 production were evaluated in a wide range of alcohol–water mixtures (alcohol concentration 10vol.%) under UV (365nm, 5mWcm⁻²). H2 production rates in the alcohol–water mixtures were dependent on (i) the metal co-catalyst; (ii) the co-catalyst loading; and (iii) the alcohol type. Co-catalyst activity followed the order Pd>Pt≈Au. The highest H2 production rates were achieved for the 1wt.% Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst in glycerol–water mixtures (47.5mmolg⁻¹h⁻¹) and 1,2-ethanediol–water mixtures (44.5mmolg⁻¹h⁻¹). H2 production rates decreased in the order glycerol>1,2-ethanediol>1,2-propanediol>methanol>ethanol>2-propanol>tert-butanol≫water. For each M/TiO2 photocatalyst, correlations were established between the rate of H2 production and specific alcohol properties, especially alcohol polarity and the exponential of the alcohol oxidation potential.
Author	Chen, Wan-Ting Ina, Toshiaki Al-Azri, Zakiya H.N. Chan, Andrew Idriss, Hicham Jovic, Vedran Waterhouse, Geoffrey I.N.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zakiya H.N. surname: Al-Azri fullname: Al-Azri, Zakiya H.N. organization: School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand – sequence: 2 givenname: Wan-Ting surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Wan-Ting organization: School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand – sequence: 3 givenname: Andrew surname: Chan fullname: Chan, Andrew organization: School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand – sequence: 4 givenname: Vedran surname: Jovic fullname: Jovic, Vedran organization: School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand – sequence: 5 givenname: Toshiaki surname: Ina fullname: Ina, Toshiaki organization: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan – sequence: 6 givenname: Hicham surname: Idriss fullname: Idriss, Hicham email: IdrissH@SABIC.com organization: SABIC, Corporate Research & Innovation (CRI) Centre, KAUST, Saudi Arabia – sequence: 7 givenname: Geoffrey I.N. surname: Waterhouse fullname: Waterhouse, Geoffrey I.N. email: g.waterhouse@auckland.ac.nz organization: School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Snippet	[Display omitted] •Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol–water mixtures under UV.•H2 production rates decrease in the order... Display Omitted * Pd, Pt and Au activate TiO2 for H2 production in alcohol-water mixtures under UV. * H2 production rates decrease in the order Pd/TiO2... M/TiO2 photocatalyst activity for H2 production depends on both the metal co-catalyst (M) and the reaction medium. To quantify such effects, we compared the...
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SubjectTerms	Alcohols Catalysts Co-catalyst ethanol glycerol gold Hydrogen Hydrogen production isopropyl alcohol methanol nanoparticles Oxidation palladium Photocatalysis photocatalysts photoluminescence platinum Polarity TiO2 titanium dioxide transmission electron microscopy ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Title	The roles of metal co-catalysts and reaction media in photocatalytic hydrogen production: Performance evaluation of M/TiO2 photocatalysts (M=Pd, Pt, Au) in different alcohol–water mixtures
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.005 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1707042954 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2116867594
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