Comparison of an infrared anaesthetic agent analyser (Datex-Ohmeda) with refractometry for measurement of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations
To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers. In vitro experiment. Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single port...
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| Published in | Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia Vol. 41; no. 4; pp. 386 - 392 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Elsevier Ltd
01.07.2014
Blackwell Pub Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1467-2987 1467-2995 1467-2995 |
| DOI | 10.1111/vaa.12118 |
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| Abstract | To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers.
In vitro experiment.
Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken).
Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0–5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0–8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0–18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute−1. The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland–Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2.
Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower.
If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. |
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| AbstractList | To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers.In vitro experiment.Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken).Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0–5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0–8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0–18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute−1. The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland–Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2.Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower.If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers. In vitro experiment. Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken). Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0–5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0–8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0–18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute−1. The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland–Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2. Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower. If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers.OBJECTIVETo assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers.In vitro experiment.STUDY DESIGNIn vitro experiment.Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken).SUBJECTSSix IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken).Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer's recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0-5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0-8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0-18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute(-1) . The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland-Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2.METHODSBoth devices were calibrated following the manufacturer's recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0-5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0-8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0-18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute(-1) . The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland-Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2.Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower.RESULTSBias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower.If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEIf similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. OBJECTIVE: To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experiment. SUBJECTS: Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex‐Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken). METHODS: Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer's recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0–5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0–8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0–18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute⁻¹. The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland–Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day‐1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day‐2. RESULTS: Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers. In vitro experiment. Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken). Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer's recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0-5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0-8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0-18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute(-1) . The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland-Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day-1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day-2. Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower. If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. Objective To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers. Study design In vitro experiment. Subjects Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex‐Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken). Methods Both devices were calibrated following the manufacturer's recommendations. Gas samples were collected at common gas outlets of anaesthesia machines. A range of agent concentrations was produced by stepwise changes in dial settings: isoflurane (0–5% in 0.5% increments), sevoflurane (0–8% in 1% increments), or desflurane (0–18% in 2% increments). Oxygen flow was 2 L minute−1. The orders of testing IR analysers, agents and dial settings were randomized. Duplicate measurements were performed at each setting. The entire procedure was repeated 24 hours later. Bland–Altman analysis was performed. Measurements on day‐1 were used to yield calibration equations (IR measurements as dependent and refractometry measurements as independent variables), which were used to modify the IR measurements on day‐2. Results Bias ± limits of agreement for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane were 0.2 ± 0.3, 0.1 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.9 volume%, respectively. There were significant linear relationships between differences and means for all agents. The IR analysers became less accurate at higher gas concentrations. After customized calibration, the bias became almost zero and the limits of agreement became narrower. Conclusions and clinical relevance If similar IR analysers are used in research studies, they need to be calibrated against a reference method using the agent in question at multiple calibration points overlapping the range of interest. |
| Author | Ambrisko, Tamas D Driessen, Bernd Moens, Yves PS Rudolff, Andrea S |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andrea S surname: Rudolff fullname: Rudolff, Andrea S organization: Anaesthesiology and perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: Yves PS surname: Moens fullname: Moens, Yves PS organization: Anaesthesiology and perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: Bernd surname: Driessen fullname: Driessen, Bernd organization: Department of Clinical Studies-NBC, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Tamas D surname: Ambrisko fullname: Ambrisko, Tamas D email: tamas.ambrisko@vetmeduni.ac.at organization: Anaesthesiology and perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24330264$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0152546 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaa_2016_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaa_2023_06_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jevs_2022_103872 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vaa_2016_07_006 crossref_primary_10_2460_ajvr_77_2_119 crossref_primary_10_1055_s_0044_1795148 crossref_primary_10_1638_2020_0140 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8 10.1111/vaa.12083 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1299 10.1111/vaa.12004 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2004.00185.x 10.1093/bja/aeh154 10.1186/1471-2253-8-2 10.1007/BF01616920 10.1007/BF01617718 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00585.x 10.1093/bja/74.1.85 10.1007/BF01617909 10.1097/00000542-195801000-00005 |
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| Copyright | 2014 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. |
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| References_xml | – volume: 74 start-page: 85 year: 1995 end-page: 88 ident: bib1 article-title: Determination of anaesthetic agent concentration by refractometry publication-title: Br J Anaesth – volume: 8 start-page: 2 year: 2008 ident: bib10 article-title: Can modern infrared analyzers replace gas chromatography to measure anesthetic vapor concentrations? publication-title: BMC Anesthesiol – volume: 92 start-page: 865 year: 2004 end-page: 869 ident: bib12 article-title: Medical aerosol propellant interference with infrared anaesthetic gas monitors publication-title: Br J Anaesth – volume: 19 start-page: 19 year: 1958 end-page: 26 ident: bib3 article-title: The collision broadening effect of nitrous oxide upon infrared analysis of carbon dioxide during anesthesia publication-title: Anesthesiology – volume: 9 start-page: 91 year: 1993 end-page: 98 ident: bib13 article-title: Evaluation of three transportable multigas anesthetic monitors: the Bruel & Kjaer Anesthetic Gas Monitor 1304, the Datex Capnomac Ultima, and the Nellcor N-2500 publication-title: J Clin Monit – volume: 41 start-page: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 13 ident: bib14 article-title: A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration in domestic cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 32 start-page: 101 year: 2005 end-page: 106 ident: bib8 article-title: Isoflurane measurement error using short wavelength infrared techniques in horses: influence of fresh gas flow and pre-anaesthetic food deprivation publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 40 start-page: 225 year: 2013 end-page: 228 ident: bib5 article-title: Naltrexone does not affect isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – reference: ISO 80601-2-55:2011(E) (2011). Medical electrical equipment – Part 2-55: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of respiratory gas monitors – volume: 8 start-page: 279 year: 1992 end-page: 284 ident: bib6 article-title: Methods to produce calibration mixtures for anesthetic gas monitors and how to perform volumetric calculations on anesthetic gases publication-title: J Clin Monit – volume: 72 start-page: 1299 year: 2011 end-page: 1304 ident: bib2 article-title: Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations publication-title: Am J Vet Res – start-page: 679 year: 1999 end-page: 753 ident: bib7 article-title: Gas monitoring publication-title: Understanding Anesthesia Equipment – volume: 1 start-page: 307 year: 1986 end-page: 310 ident: bib4 article-title: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement publication-title: Lancet – volume: 38 start-page: 44 year: 2011 end-page: 53 ident: bib9 article-title: Effects of propofol on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and cardiovascular function in mechanically ventilated goats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 11 start-page: 168 year: 1995 end-page: 174 ident: bib15 article-title: Refractive indices for volatile anesthetic gases: equipment and method for calibrating vaporizers and monitors publication-title: J Clin Monit – reference: Bland JM, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1, 307-310. – reference: Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH (2014) A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration in domestic cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 41, 1-13. – reference: Hendrickx JF, Lemmens HJ, Carette R et al. (2008) Can modern infrared analyzers replace gas chromatography to measure anesthetic vapor concentrations? BMC Anesthesiol 8, 2. – reference: Christensen PL, Nielsen J, Kann T (1992) Methods to produce calibration mixtures for anesthetic gas monitors and how to perform volumetric calculations on anesthetic gases. J Clin Monit 8, 279-284. – reference: Dzikiti BT, Stegmann FG, Cromarty D et al. (2011) Effects of propofol on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and cardiovascular function in mechanically ventilated goats. Vet Anaesth Analg 38, 44-53. – reference: Allison JM, Gregory RS, Birch KP et al. (1995) Determination of anaesthetic agent concentration by refractometry. Br J Anaesth 74, 85-88. – reference: Dujardin CL, Gootjes P, Moens Y (2005) Isoflurane measurement error using short wavelength infrared techniques in horses: influence of fresh gas flow and pre-anaesthetic food deprivation. Vet Anaesth Analg 32, 101-106. – reference: Nielsen J, Kann T, Moller JT (1993) Evaluation of three transportable multigas anesthetic monitors: the Bruel & Kjaer Anesthetic Gas Monitor 1304, the Datex Capnomac Ultima, and the Nellcor N-2500. J Clin Monit 9, 91-98. – reference: Wallroth CF, Gippert KL, Ryschka M et al. (1995) Refractive indices for volatile anesthetic gases: equipment and method for calibrating vaporizers and monitors. J Clin Monit 11, 168-174. – reference: Brosnan RJ, Pypendop BH, Majewski-Tiedeken CR et al. (2013) Naltrexone does not affect isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 40, 225-228. – reference: Ambrisko TD, Klide AM (2011) Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations. Am J Vet Res 72, 1299-1304. – reference: Bergman NA, Rackow H, Frumin MJ (1958) The collision broadening effect of nitrous oxide upon infrared analysis of carbon dioxide during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 19, 19-26. – reference: Levin PD, Levin D, Avidan A (2004) Medical aerosol propellant interference with infrared anaesthetic gas monitors. Br J Anaesth 92, 865-869. – volume: 40 start-page: 225 year: 2013 end-page: 228 article-title: Naltrexone does not affect isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – year: 2011 – volume: 9 start-page: 91 year: 1993 end-page: 98 article-title: Evaluation of three transportable multigas anesthetic monitors: the Bruel & Kjaer Anesthetic Gas Monitor 1304, the Datex Capnomac Ultima, and the Nellcor N‐2500 publication-title: J Clin Monit – volume: 8 start-page: 2 year: 2008 article-title: Can modern infrared analyzers replace gas chromatography to measure anesthetic vapor concentrations? publication-title: BMC Anesthesiol – volume: 74 start-page: 85 year: 1995 end-page: 88 article-title: Determination of anaesthetic agent concentration by refractometry publication-title: Br J Anaesth – volume: 72 start-page: 1299 year: 2011 end-page: 1304 article-title: Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations publication-title: Am J Vet Res – volume: 32 start-page: 101 year: 2005 end-page: 106 article-title: Isoflurane measurement error using short wavelength infrared techniques in horses: influence of fresh gas flow and pre‐anaesthetic food deprivation publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 19 start-page: 19 year: 1958 end-page: 26 article-title: The collision broadening effect of nitrous oxide upon infrared analysis of carbon dioxide during anesthesia publication-title: Anesthesiology – volume: 1 start-page: 307 year: 1986 end-page: 310 article-title: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement publication-title: Lancet – volume: 41 start-page: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 13 article-title: A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration in domestic cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 8 start-page: 279 year: 1992 end-page: 284 article-title: Methods to produce calibration mixtures for anesthetic gas monitors and how to perform volumetric calculations on anesthetic gases publication-title: J Clin Monit – volume: 38 start-page: 44 year: 2011 end-page: 53 article-title: Effects of propofol on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and cardiovascular function in mechanically ventilated goats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg – volume: 92 start-page: 865 year: 2004 end-page: 869 article-title: Medical aerosol propellant interference with infrared anaesthetic gas monitors publication-title: Br J Anaesth – volume: 11 start-page: 168 year: 1995 end-page: 174 article-title: Refractive indices for volatile anesthetic gases: equipment and method for calibrating vaporizers and monitors publication-title: J Clin Monit – start-page: 679 year: 1999 end-page: 753 – ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib11 – volume: 1 start-page: 307 year: 1986 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib4 article-title: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8 – volume: 41 start-page: 1 year: 2014 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib14 article-title: A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration in domestic cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg doi: 10.1111/vaa.12083 – volume: 72 start-page: 1299 year: 2011 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib2 article-title: Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations publication-title: Am J Vet Res doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1299 – volume: 40 start-page: 225 year: 2013 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib5 article-title: Naltrexone does not affect isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in cats publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg doi: 10.1111/vaa.12004 – volume: 32 start-page: 101 year: 2005 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib8 article-title: Isoflurane measurement error using short wavelength infrared techniques in horses: influence of fresh gas flow and pre-anaesthetic food deprivation publication-title: Vet Anaesth Analg doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2004.00185.x – volume: 92 start-page: 865 year: 2004 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib12 article-title: Medical aerosol propellant interference with infrared anaesthetic gas monitors publication-title: Br J Anaesth doi: 10.1093/bja/aeh154 – volume: 8 start-page: 2 year: 2008 ident: 10.1111/vaa.12118_bib10 article-title: Can modern infrared analyzers replace gas chromatography to measure anesthetic vapor concentrations? 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| Title | Comparison of an infrared anaesthetic agent analyser (Datex-Ohmeda) with refractometry for measurement of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations |
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