The role of students' motivation and participation in predicting performance in a MOOC

Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribut...

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Published inJournal of computer assisted learning Vol. 32; no. 3; pp. 218 - 231
Main Authors de Barba, P.G., Kennedy, G.E., Ainley, M.D.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2016
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0266-4909
1365-2729
DOI10.1111/jcal.12130

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Abstract Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self‐regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
AbstractList Over the last 5years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self-regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses.
Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self‐regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Over the last 5years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self-regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self-regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses.
Author de Barba, P.G.
Kennedy, G.E.
Ainley, M.D.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
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  surname: de Barba
  fullname: de Barba, P.G.
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– sequence: 2
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  surname: Ainley
  fullname: Ainley, M.D.
  organization: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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References Durik, A. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2007). Different strokes for different folks: How individual interest moderates the effects of situational factors on task interest. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 597-610. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.597.
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153.
Gogol, K., Brunner, M., Goetz, T., Martin, R., Ugen, S., Keller, U., ... Prenzel, F. (2014). 'My questionnaire is too long!' The assessments of motivational-affective constructs with three-item and single-item measures. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39, 188-205. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.04.002.
Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41, 111-127. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4.
Breslow, L., Pritchard, D. E., DeBoer, J., Stump, G. S., Ho, A. D., & Seaton, D. T. (2013). Studying learning in the worldwide classroom: Research into edX's first MOOC. Research & Practice in Assessment, 8, 13-25. Retrieved from http://mooc.pku.edu.cn/source/resource/01.pdf
McGregor, H. A., & Elliot, A. J. (2002). Achievement goals as predictors of achievement-relevant processes prior to task engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 381-394. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.381.
Yuan, L., & Powell, S. (2013). MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education [White paper]. Bolton, UK: Joint Information Systems Committee, Centre for Educational Technology and Interoperability Standards. Retrieved from http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667
Hart, C. (2012). Factors associated with student persistence in an online program of study: a review of the literature. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 11, 19-42. Retrieved from http://​www.​ncolr.​org/​jiol/​issues/​pdf/​11.​1.​2.​pdf
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68-81. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1015.
Daniel, J. (2012). Making sense of MOOCs: Musings in a maze of myth, paradox and possibility. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 3, 1-20. doi:10.5334/2012-18.
Mooney, C. Z., & Duval, R. D. (1993). Bootstrapping: A nonparametric approach to statistical inference. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667-686. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667.
Hulleman, C. S. (2007). The role of utility value in the development of interest and achievement. Madison, WI: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
Vanthournout, G., Gijbels, D., Coertjens, L., Donche, V., & Van Petegem, P. (2012). Students' persistence and academic success in a first-year professional bachelor program: The influence of students' learning strategies and academic motivation. Education Research International, 2012, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/152747.
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x.
Garson, G. D. (2012). Structural equation modeling. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.
Ainley, M. D., & Patrick, L. (2006). Measuring self-regulated learning processes through tracking patterns of student interaction with achievement activities. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 267-286. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9018-z.
Senko, C., Hulleman, C. S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2011). Achievement goal theory at the crossroads: Old controversies, current challenges, and new directions. Educational Psychologist, 46, 26-47. doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538646.
Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., & Williams, S. A. (2013). MOOCs: a systematic study of the published literature 2008-2012. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org
Wigfield, A., & Cambria, J. (2010). Students' achievement values, goal orientations, and interest: Definitions, development, and relations to achievement outcomes. Developmental Review, 30(1), 1-35. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.12.001.
Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2. Retrieved from http://www.itdl.org
Kennedy, G. E. (2004). Promoting cognition in multimedia interactivity research. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 15, 43-61.
Yang, C. C., Tsai, I., Kim, B., Cho, M. H., & Laffey, J. M. (2006). Exploring the relationships between students' academic motivation and social ability in online learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 9, 277-286. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.08.002.
Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261.
Milligan, C., Littlejohn, A., & Margaryan, A. (2013). Patterns of engagement in connectivist MOOCs. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 9. Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org
Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review of Educational Research, 60, 549-571. doi:10.3102/00346543060004549.
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 247-252. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Durik, A. M., Barron, K. E., Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., & Tauer, J. M. (2008). The role of achievement goals in the development of interest: Reciprocal relations between achievement goals, interest, and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 105-122. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.105.
Sun, J. C. Y., & Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43, 191-204. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 544-555. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544.
Littlejohn, A. (2013). Understanding Massive Open Online Courses. UK, Caledonian Academy Glasgow, Caledonian University. Retrieved from http://cemca.org.in/ckfinder/userfiles/files/EdTech%20Notes%202_Littlejohn_final_1June2013.pdf
Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328.
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A., García, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Ann Arbor, MI: National Centre For Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 501-519. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501.
Christensen, G., Steinmetz, A., Alcorn, B., Bennett, A., Woods, D., & Emanuel, E. J. (2013). The MOOC phenomenon: Who takes massive open online courses and why? Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2350964.
Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F. (1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high school dropout. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1161-1175. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1161.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040.
Ainley, M. D. (2006). Connecting with learning: Motivation, affect and cognition in interest processes. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 391-405. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9033-0.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553.
Hidi, S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2000). Motivating the academically unmotivated: A critical issue for the 21st century. Review of Educational Research, 70, 151-179. doi:10.3102/00346543070002151.
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12, 265-310. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90011-P.
De Barba, P. (2015). Achievement motivation and autonomous learning in online environments. Australia: PhD thesis in preparation, The University of Melbourne.
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185-227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316.
Belenky, D. M., & Nokes-Malach, T. J. (2012). Motivation and transfer: The role of mastery-approach goals in preparation for future learning. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21, 399-432. doi:10.1080/10508406.2011.651232.
Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011). Situational interest and academic achievement in the active-learning classroom. Learning and Instruction, 21, 58-67. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.11.001.
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 205-229. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002004.
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References_xml – reference: Ainley, M. D., & Patrick, L. (2006). Measuring self-regulated learning processes through tracking patterns of student interaction with achievement activities. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 267-286. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9018-z.
– reference: Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., & Williams, S. A. (2013). MOOCs: a systematic study of the published literature 2008-2012. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org
– reference: Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553.
– reference: Breslow, L., Pritchard, D. E., DeBoer, J., Stump, G. S., Ho, A. D., & Seaton, D. T. (2013). Studying learning in the worldwide classroom: Research into edX's first MOOC. Research & Practice in Assessment, 8, 13-25. Retrieved from http://mooc.pku.edu.cn/source/resource/01.pdf
– reference: Kennedy, G. E. (2004). Promoting cognition in multimedia interactivity research. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 15, 43-61.
– reference: Ainley, M. D. (2006). Connecting with learning: Motivation, affect and cognition in interest processes. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 391-405. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9033-0.
– reference: Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246-263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x.
– reference: Gogol, K., Brunner, M., Goetz, T., Martin, R., Ugen, S., Keller, U., ... Prenzel, F. (2014). 'My questionnaire is too long!' The assessments of motivational-affective constructs with three-item and single-item measures. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39, 188-205. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.04.002.
– reference: Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42, 185-227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316.
– reference: Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41, 111-127. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4.
– reference: Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153.
– reference: Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2. Retrieved from http://www.itdl.org
– reference: Vanthournout, G., Gijbels, D., Coertjens, L., Donche, V., & Van Petegem, P. (2012). Students' persistence and academic success in a first-year professional bachelor program: The influence of students' learning strategies and academic motivation. Education Research International, 2012, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2012/152747.
– reference: Christensen, G., Steinmetz, A., Alcorn, B., Bennett, A., Woods, D., & Emanuel, E. J. (2013). The MOOC phenomenon: Who takes massive open online courses and why? Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2350964.
– reference: Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A., García, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Ann Arbor, MI: National Centre For Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning.
– reference: Yuan, L., & Powell, S. (2013). MOOCs and open education: Implications for higher education [White paper]. Bolton, UK: Joint Information Systems Committee, Centre for Educational Technology and Interoperability Standards. Retrieved from http://publications.cetis.ac.uk/2013/667
– reference: Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011). Situational interest and academic achievement in the active-learning classroom. Learning and Instruction, 21, 58-67. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.11.001.
– reference: Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 544-555. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544.
– reference: Belenky, D. M., & Nokes-Malach, T. J. (2012). Motivation and transfer: The role of mastery-approach goals in preparation for future learning. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21, 399-432. doi:10.1080/10508406.2011.651232.
– reference: Yang, C. C., Tsai, I., Kim, B., Cho, M. H., & Laffey, J. M. (2006). Exploring the relationships between students' academic motivation and social ability in online learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 9, 277-286. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.08.002.
– reference: Daniel, J. (2012). Making sense of MOOCs: Musings in a maze of myth, paradox and possibility. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 3, 1-20. doi:10.5334/2012-18.
– reference: Wigfield, A., & Cambria, J. (2010). Students' achievement values, goal orientations, and interest: Definitions, development, and relations to achievement outcomes. Developmental Review, 30(1), 1-35. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.12.001.
– reference: Garson, G. D. (2012). Structural equation modeling. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.
– reference: Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review of Educational Research, 60, 549-571. doi:10.3102/00346543060004549.
– reference: Hidi, S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2000). Motivating the academically unmotivated: A critical issue for the 21st century. Review of Educational Research, 70, 151-179. doi:10.3102/00346543070002151.
– reference: Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261-271. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261.
– reference: Milligan, C., Littlejohn, A., & Margaryan, A. (2013). Patterns of engagement in connectivist MOOCs. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 9. Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org
– reference: Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12, 265-310. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90011-P.
– reference: Harackiewicz, J. M., Durik, A. M., Barron, K. E., Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., & Tauer, J. M. (2008). The role of achievement goals in the development of interest: Reciprocal relations between achievement goals, interest, and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 105-122. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.105.
– reference: Hart, C. (2012). Factors associated with student persistence in an online program of study: a review of the literature. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 11, 19-42. Retrieved from http://​www.​ncolr.​org/​jiol/​issues/​pdf/​11.​1.​2.​pdf
– reference: Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 247-252. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247.
– reference: De Barba, P. (2015). Achievement motivation and autonomous learning in online environments. Australia: PhD thesis in preparation, The University of Melbourne.
– reference: Littlejohn, A. (2013). Understanding Massive Open Online Courses. UK, Caledonian Academy Glasgow, Caledonian University. Retrieved from http://cemca.org.in/ckfinder/userfiles/files/EdTech%20Notes%202_Littlejohn_final_1June2013.pdf
– reference: McGregor, H. A., & Elliot, A. J. (2002). Achievement goals as predictors of achievement-relevant processes prior to task engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 381-394. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.381.
– reference: Durik, A. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2007). Different strokes for different folks: How individual interest moderates the effects of situational factors on task interest. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 597-610. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.597.
– reference: Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040.
– reference: Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 501-519. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501.
– reference: Mooney, C. Z., & Duval, R. D. (1993). Bootstrapping: A nonparametric approach to statistical inference. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
– reference: Senko, C., Hulleman, C. S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2011). Achievement goal theory at the crossroads: Old controversies, current challenges, and new directions. Educational Psychologist, 46, 26-47. doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538646.
– reference: Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667-686. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667.
– reference: Sun, J. C. Y., & Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43, 191-204. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x.
– reference: Vallerand, R. J., Fortier, M. S., & Guay, F. (1997). Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high school dropout. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1161-1175. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.5.1161.
– reference: Hulleman, C. S. (2007). The role of utility value in the development of interest and achievement. Madison, WI: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
– reference: Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328-346. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328.
– reference: Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68-81. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1015.
– reference: Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 205-229. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002004.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 277
  year: 2006
  end-page: 286
  article-title: Exploring the relationships between students' academic motivation and social ability in online learning environments
  publication-title: The Internet and Higher Education
– year: 2013
  article-title: The MOOC phenomenon: Who takes massive open online courses and why?
  publication-title: Social Science Research Network
– start-page: 31
  year: 2014
  end-page: 40
– volume: 80
  start-page: 501
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Snippet Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with...
Over the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with...
Over the last 5years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with...
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StartPage 218
SubjectTerms Academic Achievement
Academic Persistence
Assessments
College students
Computer assisted instruction
Design analysis
Distance education
Distance learning
Education
Educational psychology
Educational Technology
Electronic Learning
Large Group Instruction
Learning
learning analytics
Mathematical analysis
MOOC
MOOCs
Motivation
Online Courses
participation
persistence
Predictor Variables
Student Motivation
Student Participation
Students
Technology Uses in Education
Title The role of students' motivation and participation in predicting performance in a MOOC
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