Identification of the Flavonoid Hydroxylases from Grapevine and Their Regulation during Fruit Development
Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F...
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| Published in | Plant physiology (Bethesda) Vol. 140; no. 1; pp. 279 - 291 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Rockville, MD
American Society of Plant Biologists
2006
American Society of Plant Physiologists |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0032-0889 1532-2548 |
| DOI | 10.1104/pp.105.073262 |
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| Abstract | Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b₅. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b₅ from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and may also require cytochrome
b
5
. We report the identification of genes encoding F3′H, F3′5′H, and a putative cytochrome
b
5
from grapevine (
Vitis vinifera
L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes
VvF3
′
H
and
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (
Petunia hybrida
), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected.
VvF3
′
H
was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3′-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3′- and 3′,5′-hydroxylated anthocyanins.
VvF3
′
H
and
VvCytoB5
were expressed in seeds but not
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
, consistent with the accumulation of 3′-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue.
VvCytoB5
expression was correlated with expression of both
VvF3
′
H
and
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where
VvF3
′
H
,
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
, and
VvCytoB5
were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
and
VvCytoB5
in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of
VvF3
′
H
,
VvF3
′
5
′
H1
, and
VvCytoB5
in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and may also require cytochrome b5. We report the identification of genes encoding F3′H, F3′5′H, and a putative cytochrome b5 from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3′H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3′-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3′- and 3′,5′-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3′H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3′5′H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3′-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3′H, VvF3′5′H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3′5′H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3′H, VvF3′5′H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and may also require cytochrome b5. We report the identification of genes encoding F3′H, F3′5′H, and a putative cytochrome b5 from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3′H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3′-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3′- and 3′,5′-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3′H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3′5′H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3′-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3′H, VvF3′5′H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3′5′H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3′H, VvF3′5′H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b₅. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b₅ from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b5. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b5 from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits.Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b5. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b5 from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b₅. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b₅ from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits. |
| Author | McDavid, Debra Robinson, Simon P Bogs, Jochen Ebadi, Ali |
| AuthorAffiliation | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, Horticulture Unit, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.B., A.E., D.M., S.P.R.); and Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.B., D.M., S.P.R.) |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, Horticulture Unit, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.B., A.E., D.M., S.P.R.); and Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.B., D.M., S.P.R.) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Bogs, Jochen – sequence: 2 fullname: Ebadi, Ali – sequence: 3 fullname: McDavid, Debra – sequence: 4 fullname: Robinson, Simon P |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17433909$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377741$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Anthocyanin Cytochrome Flower Seeds Petunia hybrida Fruit Enzyme Hydroxylase Antioxidant Vitis vinifera Ripening Gene Vitidaceae Dicotyledones Angiospermae Development Flowering Spermatophyta Oxidoreductases Solanaceae |
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| Notes | http://www.plantphysiol.org/ ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Present address: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Corresponding author; e-mail simon.robinson@csiro.au; fax 61–8–8303–8601. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Simon P. Robinson (simon.robinson@csiro.au). This work was supported by the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Program and the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.073262. |
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| SubjectTerms | Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions Amino Acid Sequence amino acid sequences anatomy & histology Anthocyanins Anthocyanins - metabolism Berries biochemical pathways Biological and medical sciences biosynthesis chemistry Cloning, Molecular Complementary DNA cytochrome b cytochrome P-450 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - chemistry Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - metabolism Cytochromes Cytochromes b5 Cytochromes b5 - genetics Cytochromes b5 - metabolism Economic plant physiology enzymology flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase Flavonoids Flavonols Flowers Fructification, ripening. Postharvest physiology Fruit Fruit - genetics Fruit - metabolism fruiting fruits (plant anatomy) Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology gene expression regulation Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genes genetics grapes growth & development Growth and development hydroxylation metabolism Mixed Function Oxygenases Mixed Function Oxygenases - chemistry Mixed Function Oxygenases - genetics Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Molecular Sequence Data nucleotide sequences oxygenases Petunia Petunia - anatomy & histology Petunia - genetics Petunia hybrida Phylogeny Pigments, Biological Pigments, Biological - metabolism plant biochemistry plant genetics plant physiology plant proteins Plant Proteins - chemistry Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism Plants Plants, Genetically Modified Plants, Genetically Modified - anatomy & histology Plants, Genetically Modified - enzymology Plants, Genetically Modified - growth & development Polymerase chain reaction Proanthocyanidins Proanthocyanidins - metabolism ripening RNA, Messenger RNA, Messenger - metabolism Seeds sequence analysis Sequence Analysis, Protein Systems Biology, Molecular Biology, and Gene Regulation transcription (genetics) transgenic plants Vitis Vitis - enzymology Vitis - genetics Vitis - growth & development Vitis vinifera |
| Title | Identification of the Flavonoid Hydroxylases from Grapevine and Their Regulation during Fruit Development |
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