Age-related changes in skin barrier function - Quantitative evaluation of 150 female subjects

Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so‐called ‘skin barrier function’ is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inInternational journal of cosmetic science Vol. 35; no. 2; pp. 183 - 190
Main Authors Luebberding, S., Krueger, N., Kerscher, M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2013
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects
Adolescent
Adult
Age groups
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging
Aging - physiology
biophysical measuring methods
Epidermis
Female
Humans
Hydration
Lipids
Measuring methods
Middle Aged
pH value
sebum
Skin
Skin Absorption
skin aging
skin barrier
stratum corneum hydration
transepidermal waterloss
Young Adult
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0142-5463
1468-2494
1468-2494
DOI10.1111/ics.12024

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Abstract Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so‐called ‘skin barrier function’ is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18–80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro‐lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing. Résumé La protection contre la perte en eau et la prévention de pénétration des substances et des bactéries dans le corps sont considérées comme les fonctions les plus importantes de la peau. Cette fonctionde la peau que l'on appelle ‘barrière'est la frontière naturelle entre l'organisme et l'environnement intérieur, et elle estprincipalement formée par l'épiderme. Une altération de la fonction barrière de la peau est souvent constatée dans la peau malade et abîmée. L'influence du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau est largementacceptée, mais n'a pas été évaluée de manière concluante. Par conséquent, l'objectif de la présenteétude clinique était d'évaluer l'influence potentielle du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau,y compris la perte insensible en eau, l'hydratation du stratum corneum, le taux de sébum et la valeur du pH. 150 femmes en bonne santé âgées de 18 à 80 ans, réparties en cinq groupes d'âge de 30 sujets chacun, ont étéévaluées dans cette étude. La perte insensible en eau, le niveau d'hydratation, la sécrétion de sébum et le pH du film hydro‐lipidique acide ont été mesurés à l'aide des méthodes biophysiques mondialement reconnues, par des mesuressur la joue, le cou, le décolleté, l'avant bras et le dos de la main. Alors que la PIE et l'hydratation du stratum corneum aient montré seulement une corrélation très faible avec l'âge des sujets, la production de sébum diminue significativement avec l'âge, entraînant le niveau le plus bas de lipides de surface mesurés chez les sujets âgés de 70 ans. Le pH le plus élevé de surface était mesuré chez les sujets âgés de 50 à 60 ans, alors que le groupe d'âge le plus âgé montrait le plus faiblepH moyen. Le dos de la main est l'endroit à la PIE la plus haute et de l'hydratation du stratum corneum la plus basse, dans tous les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent que seuls certains paramètres liés à la fonction barrière de la peau sont influencés par le vieillissement. Alors que la production de sébum diminue de manière significative dans la vie le et pH de la surfacecutanée est significativement augmentée chez la femme ménopausée, la PIE et l'hydratation de la couche cornée ne montrent que des variations mineures avec l'âge.
AbstractList The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so-called 'skin barrier function' is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18-80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro-lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing.The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so-called 'skin barrier function' is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18-80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro-lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing.
The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so-called 'skin barrier function' is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18-80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro-lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing.
Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so-called 'skin barrier function' is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18-80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro-lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing. Résumé La protection contre la perte en eau et la prévention de pénétration des substances et des bactéries dans le corps sont considérées comme les fonctions les plus importantes de la peau. Cette fonctionde la peau que l'on appelle 'barrière'est la frontière naturelle entre l'organisme et l'environnement intérieur, et elle estprincipalement formée par l'épiderme. Une altération de la fonction barrière de la peau est souvent constatée dans la peau malade et abîmée. L'influence du vieillissement sur la fonction barrière de la peau est largementacceptée, mais n'a pas été évaluée de manière concluante. Par conséquent, l'objectif de la présenteétude clinique était d'évaluer l'influence potentielle du vieillissement sur la fonction barrière de la peau,y compris la perte insensible en eau, l'hydratation du stratum corneum, le taux de sébum et la valeur du pH. 150 femmes en bonne santé âgées de 18 à 80 ans, réparties en cinq groupes d'âge de 30 sujets chacun, ont étéévaluées dans cette étude. La perte insensible en eau, le niveau d'hydratation, la sécrétion de sébum et le pH du film hydro-lipidique acide ont été mesurés à l'aide des méthodes biophysiques mondialement reconnues, par des mesuressur la joue, le cou, le décolleté, l'avant bras et le dos de la main. Alors que la PIE et l'hydratation du stratum corneum aient montré seulement une corrélation très faible avec l'âge des sujets, la production de sébum diminue significativement avec l'âge, entraînant le niveau le plus bas de lipides de surface mesurés chez les sujets âgés de 70 ans. Le pH le plus élevé de surface était mesuré chez les sujets âgés de 50 à 60 ans, alors que le groupe d'âge le plus âgé montrait le plus faiblepH moyen. Le dos de la main est l'endroit à la PIE la plus haute et de l'hydratation du stratum corneum la plus basse, dans tous les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent que seuls certains paramètres liés à la fonction barrière de la peau sont influencés par le vieillissement. Alors que la production de sébum diminue de manière significative dans la vie le et pH de la surfacecutanée est significativement augmentée chez la femme ménopausée, la PIE et l'hydratation de la couche cornée ne montrent que des variations mineures avec l'âge. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so‐called ‘skin barrier function’ is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18–80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL, hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro‐lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing. Résumé La protection contre la perte en eau et la prévention de pénétration des substances et des bactéries dans le corps sont considérées comme les fonctions les plus importantes de la peau. Cette fonctionde la peau que l'on appelle ‘barrière'est la frontière naturelle entre l'organisme et l'environnement intérieur, et elle estprincipalement formée par l'épiderme. Une altération de la fonction barrière de la peau est souvent constatée dans la peau malade et abîmée. L'influence du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau est largementacceptée, mais n'a pas été évaluée de manière concluante. Par conséquent, l'objectif de la présenteétude clinique était d'évaluer l'influence potentielle du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau,y compris la perte insensible en eau, l'hydratation du stratum corneum, le taux de sébum et la valeur du pH. 150 femmes en bonne santé âgées de 18 à 80 ans, réparties en cinq groupes d'âge de 30 sujets chacun, ont étéévaluées dans cette étude. La perte insensible en eau, le niveau d'hydratation, la sécrétion de sébum et le pH du film hydro‐lipidique acide ont été mesurés à l'aide des méthodes biophysiques mondialement reconnues, par des mesuressur la joue, le cou, le décolleté, l'avant bras et le dos de la main. Alors que la PIE et l'hydratation du stratum corneum aient montré seulement une corrélation très faible avec l'âge des sujets, la production de sébum diminue significativement avec l'âge, entraînant le niveau le plus bas de lipides de surface mesurés chez les sujets âgés de 70 ans. Le pH le plus élevé de surface était mesuré chez les sujets âgés de 50 à 60 ans, alors que le groupe d'âge le plus âgé montrait le plus faiblepH moyen. Le dos de la main est l'endroit à la PIE la plus haute et de l'hydratation du stratum corneum la plus basse, dans tous les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent que seuls certains paramètres liés à la fonction barrière de la peau sont influencés par le vieillissement. Alors que la production de sébum diminue de manière significative dans la vie le et pH de la surfacecutanée est significativement augmentée chez la femme ménopausée, la PIE et l'hydratation de la couche cornée ne montrent que des variations mineures avec l'âge.
The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin. This so‐called ‘skin barrier function’ is the natural frontier between the inner organism and the environment, and is primarily formed by the epidermis. An impairment of the skin barrier function is often found in diseased and damaged skin. An influence of ageing on skin barrier function is widely accepted, but has not been conclusively evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to assess the potential influence of ageing on skin barrier function, including transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ), stratum corneum hydration, sebum content and pH value. One hundred and fifty healthy women aged 18–80, divided into five age groups with 30 subjects each, were evaluated in this study. TEWL , hydration level, sebum secretion and pH value of hydro‐lipid acid film were measured with worldwide acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at cheek, neck, décolleté, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Whereas TEWL and stratum corneum hydration showed only very low correlation with subject's age, the sebum production decreased significantly with age, resulting in the lowest skin surface lipids levels measured in subjects older than 70 years. The highest skin surface pH was measured in subjects between 50 and 60 years, whereas the eldest age group had the lowest mean pH. The dorsum of the hand was the location with the highest TEWL and lowest stratum corneum hydration in all age groups. The results show that only some parameters related to skin barrier function are influenced by ageing. Whereas sebum production decreases significantly over lifetime and skin surface pH is significantly increased in menopausal woman, TEWL and stratum corneum hydration show only minor variations with ageing. La protection contre la perte en eau et la prévention de pénétration des substances et des bactéries dans le corps sont considérées comme les fonctions les plus importantes de la peau. Cette fonctionde la peau que l'on appelle ‘barrière'est la frontière naturelle entre l'organisme et l'environnement intérieur, et elle estprincipalement formée par l'épiderme. Une altération de la fonction barrière de la peau est souvent constatée dans la peau malade et abîmée. L'influence du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau est largementacceptée, mais n'a pas été évaluée de manière concluante. Par conséquent, l'objectif de la présenteétude clinique était d'évaluer l'influence potentielle du vieillissement sur ​​la fonction barrière de la peau,y compris la perte insensible en eau, l'hydratation du stratum corneum, le taux de sébum et la valeur du pH. 150 femmes en bonne santé âgées de 18 à 80 ans, réparties en cinq groupes d'âge de 30 sujets chacun, ont étéévaluées dans cette étude. La perte insensible en eau, le niveau d'hydratation, la sécrétion de sébum et le pH du film hydro‐lipidique acide ont été mesurés à l'aide des méthodes biophysiques mondialement reconnues, par des mesuressur la joue, le cou, le décolleté, l'avant bras et le dos de la main. Alors que la PIE et l'hydratation du stratum corneum aient montré seulement une corrélation très faible avec l'âge des sujets, la production de sébum diminue significativement avec l'âge, entraînant le niveau le plus bas de lipides de surface mesurés chez les sujets âgés de 70 ans. Le pH le plus élevé de surface était mesuré chez les sujets âgés de 50 à 60 ans, alors que le groupe d'âge le plus âgé montrait le plus faiblepH moyen. Le dos de la main est l'endroit à la PIE la plus haute et de l'hydratation du stratum corneum la plus basse, dans tous les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent que seuls certains paramètres liés à la fonction barrière de la peau sont influencés par le vieillissement. Alors que la production de sébum diminue de manière significative dans la vie le et pH de la surfacecutanée est significativement augmentée chez la femme ménopausée, la PIE et l'hydratation de la couche cornée ne montrent que des variations mineures avec l'âge.
Author Krueger, N.
Luebberding, S.
Kerscher, M.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: S.
  surname: Luebberding
  fullname: Luebberding, S.
  email: Stefanie.Luebberding@chemie.uni-hamburg.de
  organization: Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Germany
– sequence: 2
  givenname: N.
  surname: Krueger
  fullname: Krueger, N.
  organization: Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Germany
– sequence: 3
  givenname: M.
  surname: Kerscher
  fullname: Kerscher, M.
  organization: Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Germany
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113564$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References Wilhelm, K.P., Cua, A.B. and Maibach, H.I. Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Arch. Dermatol. 127, 1806-1809 (1991).
Lambers, H., Piessens, S., Bloem, A., Pronk, H. and Finkel, P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 28, 359-370 (2006).
Schmid-Wendtner, M.H. and Korting, H.C. The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 19, 296-302 (2006).
Fluhr, J.W., Pfisterer, S. and Gloor, M. Direct comparison of skin physiology in children and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatr. Dermatol. 17, 436-439 (2000).
Callaghan, T.M. and Wilhelm, K.P. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I. Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30, 313-322 (2008).
Rogiers, V. EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14, 117-128 (2001).
Jacobsen, E., Billings, J.K., Frantz, R.A., Kinney, C.K., Stewart, M.E. and Downing, D.T. Age-related changes in sebaceous wax ester secretion rates in men and women. J. Invest. Dermatol. 85, 483-485 (1985).
Sneddon, I.B. Winter ailments of the skin. Practitioner 201, 886-891 (1968).
Parra, J.L. and Paye, M. EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16, 188-202 (2003).
Engelke, M., Jensen, J.M., Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S. and Proksch, E. Effects of xerosis and ageing on epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 219-225 (1997).
Piérard-Franchimont, C. and Piérard, G.E. Postmenopausal aging of the sebaceous follicle. A comparison between women receiving hormone replacement therapy or not. Dermatology 204, 17-22 (2002).
Sator, P.G., Schmidt, J.B., Sator, M.O., Huber, J.C. and Hönigsmann, H. The influence of hormone replacement therapy on skin ageing. A pilot study. Maturitas 39, 43-55 (2001).
Thune, P., Nilsen, T., Hanstad, I.K., Gustavsen, T. and Lövig-Dahl, H. The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. The effect of alkaline soap and syndet on dry skin in elderly, non-atopic patients. Acta Derm. Venereol. 68, 277-283 (1988).
Tupker, R.A., Pinnagoda, J., Coenraads, P.J. and Nater, J.P. Susceptibility to irritants. Role of barrier function, skin dryness and history of atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 123, 199-205 (1990).
Braun-Falco, O. and Korting, H.C. Normal pH value of human skin. Hautarzt 37, 126-129 (1986).
Hall, G. and Phillips, T. Estrogen and skin. The effect of estrogen, menopause and hormonal replacement on the skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53, 555-568 (2006).
Brincat, M.P. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 35, 107-117 (2000).
Fitzpatrick, T.B. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch. Dermatol. 124, 869-871 (1988).
Zlotogorski, A. Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 279, 398-401 (1987).
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Cua, A.B., Wilhelm, K.P. and Maibach, H.I. Frictional properties of human skin. Relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss. Br. J. Dermatol. 123, 473-479 (1990).
Boyer, G., Laquièze, L., Le Bot, A., Laquièze, S. and Zahouani, H. Dynamic indentation on human skin in vivo. Ageing effects. Skin Res. Technol. 15, 55-67 (2009).
Castelo-Branco, C., Pons, F., Gratacós, E., Fortuny, A., Vanrell, J.A. and González-Merlo, J. Relationship between skin collagen and bone changes during aging. Maturitas 18, 199-206 (1994).
Roskos, K.V and Guy, R.H. Assessment of skin barrier function using transepidermal water loss. Effect of age. Pharm. Res. 6, 949-953 (1989).
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Hadgraft, J. and Lane, M.E.. Skin. The ultimate interface. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 5215-5222 (2011).
Kowatzki, D., Macholdt, C., Krull, K., Schmidt, D., Deufel, T., Elsner, P. and Fluhr, J.W. Effect of regular sauna on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum water-holding capacity in vivo in humans. A controlled study. Dermatology 217, 173-180 (2008).
Ohman, H. and Vahlquist, A. The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis. A clue to the molecular origin of the "acid skin mantle"? J Invest Dermatol. 111, 674-677 (1998).
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Brincat, M.P., Baron, Y.M. and Galea, R. Estrogens and the skin. Climacteric 8, 110-123 (2005).
Schneider, H.P., Heinemann, L.A., Rosemeier, H.P., Potthoff, P. and Behre, H.M. The menopause rating scale (MRS). Comparison with Kupperman index and quality-of-life scale SF-36. Climacteric 3, 50-58 (2000).
Proksch, E., Brandner, J.M. and Jensen, J.M. The skin. An indispensable barrier. Exp. Dermatol. 17, 1063-1072 (2008).
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Bolognia, J.L., Braverman, I.M., Rousseau, M.E. and Sarrel, P.M. Skin changes in menopause. Maturitas 11, 295-304 (1989).
Piérard, G.E., Piérard-Franchimont, C., Marks, R., Paye, M. and Rogiers, V. EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin greasiness. The EEMCO Group. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 13, 372-389 (2000).
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Korting, H.C., Hübner, K., Greiner, K., Hamm, G. and Braun-Falco, O. Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long-term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Results of a crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Acta Derm. Venereol. 70, 429-431 (1990).
Wa, C.V. and Maibach, H.I. Mapping the human face. Biophysical properties. Skin Res. Technol. 16, 38-54 (2010).
Manuskiatti, W., Schwindt, D.A. and Maibach, H.I. Influence of age, anatomic site and race on skin roughness and scaliness. Dermatology 196, 401-407 (1998).
Heinrich, U., Koop, U., Leneveu-Duchemin, M.C. et al. Multicentre comparison of skin hydration in terms of physical-, physiological- and product-dependent parameters by the capacitive method (Corneometer CM 825). Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 25, 45-53 (2003).
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References_xml – reference: Engelke, M., Jensen, J.M., Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S. and Proksch, E. Effects of xerosis and ageing on epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 219-225 (1997).
– reference: Heinrich, U., Koop, U., Leneveu-Duchemin, M.C. et al. Multicentre comparison of skin hydration in terms of physical-, physiological- and product-dependent parameters by the capacitive method (Corneometer CM 825). Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 25, 45-53 (2003).
– reference: Hadgraft, J. and Lane, M.E.. Skin. The ultimate interface. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 5215-5222 (2011).
– reference: Manuskiatti, W., Schwindt, D.A. and Maibach, H.I. Influence of age, anatomic site and race on skin roughness and scaliness. Dermatology 196, 401-407 (1998).
– reference: Proksch, E., Brandner, J.M. and Jensen, J.M. The skin. An indispensable barrier. Exp. Dermatol. 17, 1063-1072 (2008).
– reference: Callaghan, T.M. and Wilhelm, K.P. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I. Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30, 313-322 (2008).
– reference: Castelo-Branco, C., Pons, F., Gratacós, E., Fortuny, A., Vanrell, J.A. and González-Merlo, J. Relationship between skin collagen and bone changes during aging. Maturitas 18, 199-206 (1994).
– reference: Sator, P.G., Schmidt, J.B., Sator, M.O., Huber, J.C. and Hönigsmann, H. The influence of hormone replacement therapy on skin ageing. A pilot study. Maturitas 39, 43-55 (2001).
– reference: Sneddon, I.B. Winter ailments of the skin. Practitioner 201, 886-891 (1968).
– reference: Boyer, G., Laquièze, L., Le Bot, A., Laquièze, S. and Zahouani, H. Dynamic indentation on human skin in vivo. Ageing effects. Skin Res. Technol. 15, 55-67 (2009).
– reference: Hall, G. and Phillips, T. Estrogen and skin. The effect of estrogen, menopause and hormonal replacement on the skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 53, 555-568 (2006).
– reference: Fluhr, J.W., Pfisterer, S. and Gloor, M. Direct comparison of skin physiology in children and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatr. Dermatol. 17, 436-439 (2000).
– reference: Parra, J.L. and Paye, M. EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16, 188-202 (2003).
– reference: Roskos, K.V and Guy, R.H. Assessment of skin barrier function using transepidermal water loss. Effect of age. Pharm. Res. 6, 949-953 (1989).
– reference: Schneider, H.P., Heinemann, L.A., Rosemeier, H.P., Potthoff, P. and Behre, H.M. The menopause rating scale (MRS). Comparison with Kupperman index and quality-of-life scale SF-36. Climacteric 3, 50-58 (2000).
– reference: Schmid-Wendtner, M.H. and Korting, H.C. The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 19, 296-302 (2006).
– reference: Wa, C.V. and Maibach, H.I. Mapping the human face. Biophysical properties. Skin Res. Technol. 16, 38-54 (2010).
– reference: Tupker, R.A., Pinnagoda, J., Coenraads, P.J. and Nater, J.P. Susceptibility to irritants. Role of barrier function, skin dryness and history of atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 123, 199-205 (1990).
– reference: Kowatzki, D., Macholdt, C., Krull, K., Schmidt, D., Deufel, T., Elsner, P. and Fluhr, J.W. Effect of regular sauna on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum water-holding capacity in vivo in humans. A controlled study. Dermatology 217, 173-180 (2008).
– reference: Piérard-Franchimont, C. and Piérard, G.E. Postmenopausal aging of the sebaceous follicle. A comparison between women receiving hormone replacement therapy or not. Dermatology 204, 17-22 (2002).
– reference: Braun-Falco, O. and Korting, H.C. Normal pH value of human skin. Hautarzt 37, 126-129 (1986).
– reference: Korting, H.C., Hübner, K., Greiner, K., Hamm, G. and Braun-Falco, O. Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long-term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Results of a crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Acta Derm. Venereol. 70, 429-431 (1990).
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Snippet Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the...
The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the skin....
Synopsis The protection against water loss and the prevention of substances and bacteria penetrating into the body rank as the most important functions of the...
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StartPage 183
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Age groups
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aging
Aging - physiology
biophysical measuring methods
Epidermis
Female
Humans
Hydration
Lipids
Measuring methods
Middle Aged
pH value
sebum
Skin
Skin Absorption
skin aging
skin barrier
stratum corneum hydration
transepidermal waterloss
Young Adult
Title Age-related changes in skin barrier function - Quantitative evaluation of 150 female subjects
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fics.12024
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113564
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1317498288
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1316056094
Volume 35
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