Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators

The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the CO...

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Published in	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 13; p. 7017
Main Authors	Ricci, Daniela, Etna, Marilena Paola, Rizzo, Fabiana, Sandini, Silvia, Severa, Martina, Coccia, Eliana Marina
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Basel MDPI AG 29.06.2021 MDPI
Subjects	Adapter proteins Adaptive immunity Antiviral drugs Asymptomatic Coronaviruses COVID-19 Cytokines Disease transmission Genomes Glycoproteins Immune response Infections Middle East respiratory syndrome Older people Pathogens Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Surfactants Viral infections
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI	10.3390/ijms22137017

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Abstract	The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity.
AbstractList	The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity. The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity.The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high transmissibility, broad tissue tropism, and ability to exploit and subvert the immune response pose a major challenge and are likely perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, this peculiar infectious scenario provides researchers with a unique opportunity for studying, with the latest immunological techniques and understandings, the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 naïve versus recovered subjects as well as in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees. Interestingly, the current understanding of COVID-19 indicates that the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines fine-tunes the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. Indeed, the emerging picture clearly shows that the excessive inflammatory response against this virus is among the main causes of disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this review, the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is described not only in light of its capacity to influence the adaptive immune response towards a protective phenotype but also with the intent to point out the multiple strategies exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to antagonize host antiviral response and, finally, to outline inborn errors predisposing individuals to COVID-19 disease severity.
Author	Rizzo, Fabiana Severa, Martina Etna, Marilena Paola Ricci, Daniela Coccia, Eliana Marina Sandini, Silvia
AuthorAffiliation	Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; daniela.ricci@iss.it (D.R.); marilenapaola.etna@iss.it (M.P.E.); fabiana.rizzo@iss.it (F.R.); silvia.sandini@iss.it (S.S.); martina.severa@iss.it (M.S.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; daniela.ricci@iss.it (D.R.); marilenapaola.etna@iss.it (M.P.E.); fabiana.rizzo@iss.it (F.R.); silvia.sandini@iss.it (S.S.); martina.severa@iss.it (M.S.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Daniela orcidid: 0000-0002-8445-512X surname: Ricci fullname: Ricci, Daniela – sequence: 2 givenname: Marilena Paola orcidid: 0000-0003-2551-393X surname: Etna fullname: Etna, Marilena Paola – sequence: 3 givenname: Fabiana orcidid: 0000-0001-9748-4571 surname: Rizzo fullname: Rizzo, Fabiana – sequence: 4 givenname: Silvia orcidid: 0000-0002-1289-9098 surname: Sandini fullname: Sandini, Silvia – sequence: 5 givenname: Martina surname: Severa fullname: Severa, Martina – sequence: 6 givenname: Eliana Marina orcidid: 0000-0002-1606-2949 surname: Coccia fullname: Coccia, Eliana Marina
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Snippet	The vulnerability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of a pre-existing immunity, the unpredictability of the infection outcome, and the high...
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StartPage	7017
SubjectTerms	Adapter proteins Adaptive immunity Antiviral drugs Asymptomatic Coronaviruses COVID-19 Cytokines Disease transmission Genomes Glycoproteins Immune response Infections Middle East respiratory syndrome Older people Pathogens Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Surfactants Viral infections
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Title	Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators
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