Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Guizhou Angus Calves: Dominance of Angus Cattle-Adapted Genotypes and Zoonotic Potential of E. bieneusi

Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves acros...

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Published inMicroorganisms (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 8; p. 1735
Main Authors Qin, Peixi, Tao, Zhuolin, Shi, Kaizhi, Zhao, Jiaxian, Huang, Bingyan, Liu, Hui, Wang, Chunqun, Yin, Jigang, Zhu, Guan, Cacciò, Simone M., Hu, Min
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 25.07.2025
MDPI
Subjects
Age
Analysis
Animals
Beef cattle
Calves
Cattle
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium spp
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Diarrhea
Disinfection
DNA
DNA sequencing
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Epidemiology
Farms
Feces
Gene sequencing
Genetic aspects
Genotype
Genotypes
Giardia
Giardia duodenalis
Health risks
Immunization
Karst
molecular epidemiology
Nucleotide sequence
Nucleotide sequencing
Parasites
Polymerase chain reaction
Protozoa
Public health
RNA
rRNA
Software
Statistical analysis
Zoonoses
zoonotic parasites
United Kingdom
China
Beijing China
Guizhou China
molecular epidemiology
zoonotic parasites
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium spp
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI10.3390/microorganisms13081735

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Abstract Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA (Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 (Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg/gdh/tpi (G. duodenalis), and ITS (E. bieneusi) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4–93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4–8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8–34.1%) (p < 0.01). G. duodenalis: 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9–5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3–1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7–65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6–11.1%). E. bieneusi: prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0–22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7–57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7–48.4%). Strong diarrhea association (p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon—despite lower prevalence (19.7%)—posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4–8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm2) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
AbstractList Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA (Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 (Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg/gdh/tpi (G. duodenalis), and ITS (E. bieneusi) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4–93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4–8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8–34.1%) (p < 0.01). G. duodenalis: 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9–5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3–1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7–65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6–11.1%). E. bieneusi: prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0–22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7–57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7–48.4%). Strong diarrhea association (p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon—despite lower prevalence (19.7%)—posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4–8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm2) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA (Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 (Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg/gdh/tpi (G. duodenalis), and ITS (E. bieneusi) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4–93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4–8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8–34.1%) (p < 0.01). G. duodenalis: 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9–5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3–1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7–65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6–11.1%). E. bieneusi: prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0–22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7–57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7–48.4%). Strong diarrhea association (p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon—despite lower prevalence (19.7%)—posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4–8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm[sup.2]) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis , and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA ( Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 ( Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg / gdh / tpi ( G. duodenalis ), and ITS ( E. bieneusi ) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4–93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4–8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8–34.1%) ( p < 0.01). G. duodenalis : 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1–34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9–5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3–1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7–65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6–11.1%). E. bieneusi : prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0–22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7–57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7–48.4%). Strong diarrhea association ( p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon —despite lower prevalence (19.7%)—posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4–8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm 2 ) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA (Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 (Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg/gdh/tpi (G. duodenalis), and ITS (E. bieneusi) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4-93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4-8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8-34.1%) (p < 0.01). G. duodenalis: 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9-5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3-1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7-65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6-11.1%). E. bieneusi: prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0-22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7-57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7-48.4%). Strong diarrhea association (p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon-despite lower prevalence (19.7%)-posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4-8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm2) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA (Cryptosporidium spp.), gp60 (Cryptosporidium bovis subtyping), bg/gdh/tpi (G. duodenalis), and ITS (E. bieneusi) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%), with C. bovis predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4-93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4-8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8-34.1%) (p < 0.01). G. duodenalis: 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9-5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3-1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7-65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6-11.1%). E. bieneusi: prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0-22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7-57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7-48.4%). Strong diarrhea association (p < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While Giardia exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, Enterocytozoon-despite lower prevalence (19.7%)-posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4-8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm2) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites spp., , and in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological survey of these pathogens in this region. 817 fecal samples from Angus calves across 7 intensive beef farms (Bijie City). Nested PCR methods targeting SSU rRNA ( spp.), ( subtyping), / / ( ), and ITS ( ) coupled with DNA sequencing were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed against the NCBI. database. Statistical differences were assessed via a generalized linear mixed-effects model. spp. prevalence 23.5% (192/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%), with predominating 89.6% (172/192; 95% CI 84.4-93.5%) and six subtypes (XXVIa-XXVIf). Highest infection in 4-8-week-olds 29.9% (143/479; 95% CI 25.8-34.1%) ( < 0.01). : 31.3% (256/817; 95% CI 28.1-34.6%) positive, overwhelmingly assemblage E 97.6% (6/256; 95% CI 0.9-5.0%), zoonotic assemblage A was marginal 0.7% (6/817; 95% CI 0.3-1.6%). Farm-level variation exceeded 10-fold (e.g., Gantang: 55.0% (55/100; 95% CI 44.7-65.0%) vs. Tieshi: 4.9% (5/102; 95% CI 1.6-11.1%). : prevalence 19.7% (161/817; 95% CI 17.0-22.6%), exclusively zoonotic genotypes BEB4: 49.7% (80/161; 95% CI 41.7-57.7%); I: 40.4% (65/161; 95% CI 32.7-48.4%). Strong diarrhea association ( < 0.01) and site-specific patterns (e.g., Guanyindong: 39.2%). While exhibited the highest prevalence (31.3%) with minimal zoonotic risk, -despite lower prevalence (19.7%)-posed the greatest public health threat due to exclusive circulation of human-pathogenic genotypes (BEB4/I) and significant diarrhea association, highlighting divergent control priorities for these enteric parasites in Guizhou calves. Management/Public health impact: Dominant zoonotic genotypes (BEB4/I) necessitate: 1. Targeted treatment of 4-8-week-old Angus calves. 2. Manure biofermentation (≥55 °C, 3 days), and 3. UV-disinfection (≥1 mJ/cm ) for karst water to disrupt transmission in this high-humidity region.
Audience Academic
Author Hu, Min
Tao, Zhuolin
Huang, Bingyan
Yin, Jigang
Qin, Peixi
Liu, Hui
Zhu, Guan
Wang, Chunqun
Shi, Kaizhi
Zhao, Jiaxian
Cacciò, Simone M.
AuthorAffiliation 1 National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; peixiqin@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (P.Q.); taozhuolin@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (Z.T.); shkzjjp@163.com (K.S.); jiaxian06280826@163.com (J.Z.); huangbingyan@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (B.H.); liuhui45@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (H.L.); wangchunqun@mail.hzau.edu.cn (C.W.)
2 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; yinjg@jlu.edu.cn (J.Y.); zhuguan@jlu.edu.cn (G.Z.)
3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; simone.caccio@iss.it
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; peixiqin@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (P.Q.); taozhuolin@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (Z.T.); shkzjjp@163.com (K.S.); jiaxian06280826@163.com (J.Z.); huangbingyan@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (B.H.); liuhui45@webmail.hzau.edu.cn (H.L.); wangchunqun@mail.hzau.edu.cn (C.W.)
– name: 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; simone.caccio@iss.it
– name: 2 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; yinjg@jlu.edu.cn (J.Y.); zhuguan@jlu.edu.cn (G.Z.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Peixi
  surname: Qin
  fullname: Qin, Peixi
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zhuolin
  orcidid: 0009-0006-2450-0167
  surname: Tao
  fullname: Tao, Zhuolin
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Kaizhi
  surname: Shi
  fullname: Shi, Kaizhi
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jiaxian
  surname: Zhao
  fullname: Zhao, Jiaxian
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Bingyan
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Bingyan
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Hui
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Hui
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Chunqun
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Chunqun
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Jigang
  surname: Yin
  fullname: Yin, Jigang
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Guan
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3888-0659
  surname: Zhu
  fullname: Zhu, Guan
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Simone M.
  surname: Cacciò
  fullname: Cacciò, Simone M.
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Min
  surname: Hu
  fullname: Hu, Min
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40871239$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 8
Keywords molecular epidemiology
zoonotic parasites
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium spp
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Language English
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Snippet Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China....
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites spp., , and in Angus calves from Guizhou, China. This study constitutes the first molecular epidemiological...
Limited molecular data exist on zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis , and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Angus calves from Guizhou, China....
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StartPage 1735
SubjectTerms Age
Analysis
Animals
Beef cattle
Calves
Cattle
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium spp
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Diarrhea
Disinfection
DNA
DNA sequencing
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Epidemiology
Farms
Feces
Gene sequencing
Genetic aspects
Genotype
Genotypes
Giardia
Giardia duodenalis
Health risks
Immunization
Karst
molecular epidemiology
Nucleotide sequence
Nucleotide sequencing
Parasites
Polymerase chain reaction
Protozoa
Public health
RNA
rRNA
Software
Statistical analysis
Zoonoses
zoonotic parasites
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Title Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Guizhou Angus Calves: Dominance of Angus Cattle-Adapted Genotypes and Zoonotic Potential of E. bieneusi
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40871239
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3244047531
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3246301341
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12388192
https://doaj.org/article/f91ad3ab656a445eb95b44636785398d
Volume 13
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