Optimal transform domain watermark embedding via linear programming
Invisible digital watermarks have been proposed as a method for discouraging illicit copying and distribution of copyright material. In recent years, it has been recognized that embedding information in a transform domain leads to more robust watermarks. A major difficulty in watermarking in a trans...
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| Published in | Signal processing Vol. 81; no. 6; pp. 1251 - 1260 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier B.V
01.06.2001
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0165-1684 1872-7557 |
| DOI | 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1 |
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| Abstract | Invisible digital watermarks have been proposed as a method for discouraging illicit copying and distribution of copyright material. In recent years, it has been recognized that embedding information in a transform domain leads to more robust watermarks. A major difficulty in watermarking in a transform domain lies in the fact that constraints on the allowable distortion at any pixel may be specified in the spatial domain. The central contribution of the paper is the proposal of an approach which takes into account spatial domain constraints in an optimal fashion. The main idea is to structure the watermark embedding as a linear programming problem in which we wish to maximize the strength of the watermark subject to a set of linear constraints on the pixel distortions as determined by a masking function. We consider the special cases of embedding in the DCT domain and wavelet domain using the Haar wavelet and Daubechies 4-tap filter in conjunction with a masking function based on a non-stationary Gaussian model, but the algorithm is applicable to any combination of transform and masking functions. Our results indicate that the proposed approach performs well against lossy compression such as JPEG and other types of filtering which do not change the geometry of the image. |
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| AbstractList | Invisible digital watermarks have been proposed as a method for discouraging illicit copying and distribution of copyright material. In recent years, it has been recognized that embedding information in a transform domain leads to more robust watermarks. A major difficulty in watermarking in a transform domain lies in the fact that constraints on the allowable distortion at any pixel may be specified in the spatial domain. The central contribution of the paper is the proposal of an approach which takes into account spatial domain constraints in an optimal fashion. The main idea is to structure the watermark embedding as a linear programming problem in which we wish to maximize the strength of the watermark subject to a set of linear constraints on the pixel distortions as determined by a masking function. We consider the special cases of embedding in the DCT domain and wavelet domain using the Haar wavelet and Daubechies 4-tap filter in conjunction with a masking function based on a non-stationary Gaussian model, but the algorithm is applicable to any combination of transform and masking functions. Our results indicate that the proposed approach performs well against lossy compression such as JPEG and other types of filtering which do not change the geometry of the image. copyright 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Invisible digital watermarks have been proposed as a method for discouraging illicit copying and distribution of copyright material. In recent years, it has been recognized that embedding information in a transform domain leads to more robust watermarks. A major difficulty in watermarking in a transform domain lies in the fact that constraints on the allowable distortion at any pixel may be specified in the spatial domain. The central contribution of the paper is the proposal of an approach which takes into account spatial domain constraints in an optimal fashion. The main idea is to structure the watermark embedding as a linear programming problem in which we wish to maximize the strength of the watermark subject to a set of linear constraints on the pixel distortions as determined by a masking function. We consider the special cases of embedding in the DCT domain and wavelet domain using the Haar wavelet and Daubechies 4-tap filter in conjunction with a masking function based on a non-stationary Gaussian model, but the algorithm is applicable to any combination of transform and masking functions. Our results indicate that the proposed approach performs well against lossy compression such as JPEG and other types of filtering which do not change the geometry of the image. |
| Author | Pereira, S. Voloshynoskiy, S. Pun, T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S. surname: Pereira fullname: Pereira, S. email: shelby.pereira@cui.unige.ch – sequence: 2 givenname: S. surname: Voloshynoskiy fullname: Voloshynoskiy, S. email: svolos@cui.unige.ch – sequence: 3 givenname: T. surname: Pun fullname: Pun, T. email: thierry.pun@cui.unige.ch |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/ICIP.1998.727227 10.1007/10719724_16 10.1117/12.344694 10.1147/sj.353.0313 10.1007/10719724_15 10.1109/5.771072 10.1007/3-540-49380-8_16 10.1109/ICIP.1996.560422 10.1109/49.668976 10.1109/26.539767 10.1109/34.192463 10.1115/96-DETC/DAC-1600 10.1109/ICIP.1998.723521 10.1117/12.344689 10.1109/76.767121 10.1109/DSPWS.1996.555454 10.1016/S0165-1684(00)00205-X 10.1109/ICIP.1996.560429 10.1016/S0165-1684(98)00015-2 10.1109/5.771068 10.1109/49.668975 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 9 start-page: 545 year: June 1999 end-page: 550 ident: BIB24 article-title: Multiresolution watermarking for images and video publication-title: IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems Video Technol. – reference: M. Barni, F. Bartolini, V. Cappellini, A. Lippi, A. Piva, A DWT-based technique for spatio-frequency masking of digital signatures, in: P.W. Wong, E.J. Delp (Eds.), Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, The Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), SPIE, San Jose, California, USA, 25–27 January 1999, Vol. 3657, pp. 31–39. – reference: D. Kazmer, P. Barkan, K. Ishii, Quantifying design and manufacturing robustness through stochastic optimization techniques, ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference, 96-DETC/DAC-1600, Irvine, CA, August 1996. – reference: W. Osberger, N. Bergmann, A.J. Maeder, An automatic image quality assessment technique incorporating higher level perceptual factors, IEEE ICIP-98, Chicago, USA, October 1998. – reference: M. Barni, F. Bartolini, V. Cappellini, A. Piva, F. Rigacci, A M.A.P. identification criterion for DCT-based watermarking, EUSIPCO’98, Rhodes, Greece, September 1998. – reference: G. Voyatzis, I. Pitas, The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products, Proc. IEEE 87 (July 1999) 1197–1207. – reference: S. Pereira, T. Pun, Fast robust template matching for affine resistant watermarks, Proceedings of the Third International Information Hiding Workshop, Dreseden, Germany, September 1999. – volume: 16 start-page: 540 year: May 1998 end-page: 550 ident: BIB20 article-title: Multiresolution scene-based video watermarking using perceptual models publication-title: IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. – reference: M. Barni, F. Bartolini, A.D. Rosa, A. 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Commun. 44 (October 1996) 1261–1271. – reference: M. Kutter, S. Voloshynovskiy, A. Herrigel, Watermark copy attack, in: P. Wah Wong, E.J. Delp (Eds.), IS&T/SPIE's 12th Annual Symposium, Electronic Imaging 2000: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content II, SPIE Proceedings, San Jose, CA, USA, Vol. 3971, 23–28 January 2000. – reference: S. Voloshynovskiy, F. Deguillaume, T. Pun, Content adaptive watermarking based on a stochastic multiresolution image modeling, EUSIPCO 2000, Tampere, Finland, submitted 2000. – reference: M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. Tewfik, Robust data hiding for images, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop, Loen, Norway, September 1996, G:WM1-A23, pp. 37–40. – reference: F.A.P. Petitcolas, R.J. 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Circuits Systems Video Technol. doi: 10.1109/76.767121 – ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB19 doi: 10.1109/DSPWS.1996.555454 – ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB8 doi: 10.1016/S0165-1684(00)00205-X – ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB6 doi: 10.1109/ICIP.1996.560429 – ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB1 doi: 10.1016/S0165-1684(98)00015-2 – volume: 87 start-page: 1127 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB7 article-title: Watermarking as communications with side information publication-title: Proc. IEEE doi: 10.1109/5.771068 – volume: 16 start-page: 525 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/S0165-1684(01)00042-1_BIB17 article-title: Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models publication-title: IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. doi: 10.1109/49.668975 |
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