Innovative Hybrid-Alignment Annotation Method for Bioinformatics Identification and Functional Verification of a Novel Nitric Oxide Synthase in Trichomonas vaginalis

Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a wi...

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Published inBiology (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 11; no. 8; p. 1210
Main Authors Lin, Hung-Che, Shui, Hao-Ai, Huang, Kuo-Yang, Lin, Wei-Zhi, Chang, Hsin-Yi, Lee, Hwei-Jen, Lin, Ying-Chih, Huang, Yuahn-Sieh, Chen, Guan-Ru, Yang, Ya-Ting, Liu, Hsiu-Lin, Wu, Yi-Syuan, Cheng, Chia-Shiang, Ko, Ching-Lung, Chang, Yu-Tien, Lee, Jih-Chin, Lin, Chen-Shien, Wang, Chih-Hung, Chu, Chi-Ming
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 12.08.2022
MDPI
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ISSN2079-7737
2079-7737
DOI10.3390/biology11081210

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Abstract Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV via the Smith–Waterman and Needleman–Wunsch algorithms through in-depth and repeated alignment of whole coding sequences of TV against thousands of sequences of known proteins from other organisms. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS), which was annotated as hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified; this TV NOS had a high witness-to-suspect ratio and contained all the NOS cofactor-binding motifs (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) motifs). To confirm this identification, we performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and cofactor docking, cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, performed mass spectrometry analysis, and ultimately performed an assay to measure enzymatic activity. Our data showed that although the predicted structure of the TV NOS protein was not similar to the structure of NOSs of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs could interact with their ligands with high affinities. We clearly showed that the purified protein had high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV and highlights a novel NOS that might serve as a virulence factor of TV.
AbstractList Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV via the Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch algorithms through in-depth and repeated alignment of whole coding sequences of TV against thousands of sequences of known proteins from other organisms. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS), which was annotated as hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified; this TV NOS had a high witness-to-suspect ratio and contained all the NOS cofactor-binding motifs (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) motifs). To confirm this identification, we performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and cofactor docking, cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, performed mass spectrometry analysis, and ultimately performed an assay to measure enzymatic activity. Our data showed that although the predicted structure of the TV NOS protein was not similar to the structure of NOSs of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs could interact with their ligands with high affinities. We clearly showed that the purified protein had high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV and highlights a novel NOS that might serve as a virulence factor of TV.Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV via the Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch algorithms through in-depth and repeated alignment of whole coding sequences of TV against thousands of sequences of known proteins from other organisms. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS), which was annotated as hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified; this TV NOS had a high witness-to-suspect ratio and contained all the NOS cofactor-binding motifs (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) motifs). To confirm this identification, we performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and cofactor docking, cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, performed mass spectrometry analysis, and ultimately performed an assay to measure enzymatic activity. Our data showed that although the predicted structure of the TV NOS protein was not similar to the structure of NOSs of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs could interact with their ligands with high affinities. We clearly showed that the purified protein had high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV and highlights a novel NOS that might serve as a virulence factor of TV.
Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV via the Smith–Waterman and Needleman–Wunsch algorithms through in-depth and repeated alignment of whole coding sequences of TV against thousands of sequences of known proteins from other organisms. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS), which was annotated as hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified; this TV NOS had a high witness-to-suspect ratio and contained all the NOS cofactor-binding motifs (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) motifs). To confirm this identification, we performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and cofactor docking, cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, performed mass spectrometry analysis, and ultimately performed an assay to measure enzymatic activity. Our data showed that although the predicted structure of the TV NOS protein was not similar to the structure of NOSs of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs could interact with their ligands with high affinities. We clearly showed that the purified protein had high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV and highlights a novel NOS that might serve as a virulence factor of TV.
Simple SummaryBoth the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites remain challenging. As a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). However, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. By aligning whole coding sequences of TV against a thousand sequences of known proteins from other organisms via the Smith–Waterman and Needleman–Wunsch algorithms, we developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS) with a high witness-to-suspect ratio, which was originally annotated as a hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified. We then performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and the molecular docking of all cofactors (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)), cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, and ultimately performed mass spectrometry analysis and enzymatic activity assays. We clearly showed that although the predicted structure of TV NOS is not similar to that of NOS proteins of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs can interact with their ligands with high affinities. Most importantly, the purified protein is a functional NOS, as it has a high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes.AbstractBoth the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be synthesized in Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has not yet been annotated in the TV genome. We developed a witness-to-suspect strategy to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV via the Smith–Waterman and Needleman–Wunsch algorithms through in-depth and repeated alignment of whole coding sequences of TV against thousands of sequences of known proteins from other organisms. A novel NOS of TV (TV NOS), which was annotated as hydrogenase in the NCBI database, was successfully identified; this TV NOS had a high witness-to-suspect ratio and contained all the NOS cofactor-binding motifs (NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), heme and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) motifs). To confirm this identification, we performed in silico modeling of the protein structure and cofactor docking, cloned the gene, expressed and purified the protein, performed mass spectrometry analysis, and ultimately performed an assay to measure enzymatic activity. Our data showed that although the predicted structure of the TV NOS protein was not similar to the structure of NOSs of other species, all cofactor-binding motifs could interact with their ligands with high affinities. We clearly showed that the purified protein had high enzymatic activity for generating NO in vitro. This study provides an innovative approach to identify incorrectly annotated genes in TV and highlights a novel NOS that might serve as a virulence factor of TV.
Author Chen, Guan-Ru
Chang, Yu-Tien
Lin, Hung-Che
Chu, Chi-Ming
Huang, Yuahn-Sieh
Chang, Hsin-Yi
Wu, Yi-Syuan
Lee, Hwei-Jen
Liu, Hsiu-Lin
Lin, Wei-Zhi
Ko, Ching-Lung
Huang, Kuo-Yang
Lee, Jih-Chin
Yang, Ya-Ting
Shui, Hao-Ai
Lin, Ying-Chih
Wang, Chih-Hung
Cheng, Chia-Shiang
Lin, Chen-Shien
AuthorAffiliation 1 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
8 Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
12 Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
7 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
11 Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
5 Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
4 Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
3 Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
10 Big Data Research Center, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
6 Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medic
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Snippet Both the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites are still challenging. Although, as a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been...
Simple SummaryBoth the annotation and identification of genes in pathogenic parasites remain challenging. As a survival factor, nitric oxide (NO) has been...
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SourceType Open Website
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Aggregation Database
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StartPage 1210
SubjectTerms Algorithms
Annotations
Bacteria
bioinformatic
Bioinformatics
Biosynthesis
Cofactors
computer simulation
Enzymatic activity
enzyme activity
Flavin
Flavin-adenine dinucleotide
gene annotation
Genes
Genomes
Heme
Hydrogenase
Identification
Ligands
Mammals
mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Nitric oxide
Nitric-oxide synthase
novel nitric oxide synthase
Organisms
Parasitic diseases
Protein structure
protein structure prediction
Proteins
Queries
Sexually transmitted diseases
STD
Survival
Survival factor
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Trichomonas vaginalis
virulence
Virulence factors
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Title Innovative Hybrid-Alignment Annotation Method for Bioinformatics Identification and Functional Verification of a Novel Nitric Oxide Synthase in Trichomonas vaginalis
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